This volume constitutes the proceedings of the Produced Water Seminar held in Trondheim, Norway, in September 1995. Hosted by Statoil Research and Development and IKU Petroleum Research, the seminar was an update of the 1992 seminar of the same title held in San Diego, California (Ray and Engelhardt, 1992). Produced water remains the largest volume waste stream from oil and gas production offshore. In the North and Norwegian Seas, produced water volumes are projected to increase significantly over the coming decades, as oil reservoirs near depletion. These releases are therefore the focus of continuing environmental concern. The purpose of this seminar was to provide a forum for scientists, legislators, and industrial and environmental representatives to share recent information and research results, and to encourage cooperative pursuit of solutions in the future. The success of the seminar, and the quality of this volume, are due in large part to the many authors from around the world who presented almost 50 posters and papers focused on environmental issues and mitigation technologies. In addition, we wish to acknowledge the contributions of the local and international organizing committees. Local Committee Asbj0fg 0verli and Heidi Torp, Statoil Egil Wanvik and Laila S. Olden, IKU Petroleum Research International Committee James P. Ray, Shell Chemical and Petroleum Products Companies Alexis E. Steen, American Petroleum Institute Theodor C. Sauer, Battelle Ocean Sciences Steven A. Flynn, British Petroleum Martin C. Th. Scholten, TNO Kjell Lohne, Statoil Ingvild Martinsen, Norwegian Pollution Control Authority.

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Proceedings of the 1995 International Produced Water Seminar held in Trondheim, Norway, September 25-28, 1995

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Section I. Legislative and Management Issues.- 1. Session Summary.- 2. Regulation of Produced Water on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.- 3. Discharges of Produced Water to the North Sea: Effects in the Water Column.- 4. Regulation of Produced Water by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.- Section II. Chemistry and Toxicity Issues.- 5. Session Summary.- 6. Estimating the Acute Toxicity of Produced Waters to Marine Organisms Using Predictive Toxicity Models.- 7. A Comparison between the Toxicity of Produced Oil and Gas Condensate Using a New Sediment Bioassay for Deposited Oil.- 8. Produced Water Composition, Toxicity, and Fate: A Review of Recent BP North Sea Studies.- 9. Field Evaluation of Toxic Effects and Dispersion of Produced Water Discharges from North Sea Oil Platforms: Implications for Monitoring Acute Impacts in the Environment.- 10. Sub-Lethal Effects of Oil-Produced Water on the Early Life Stages of Turbot.- 11. Exposure of Cod Larvae (Gadus morhua L) to Phenols in Produced Water during the Critical Period of First Feeding.- Section III. Environmental Effects.- 12. Session Summary.- 13. Ecotoxicological Risk of Produced Water Discharged from Oil Production Platforms in the Statfjord and Gullfaks Field.- 14. The N-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: A Critical Parameter in Environmental Risk Assessment of Offshore E&P Chemicals.- 15. Effects of the Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil on Marine Fish Larvae and Crustaceans.- 16. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water: Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer in Marine Food Webs.- 17. Delineation of Benthic Impact and Recovery at Two Produced Water Discharge Sites in Inshore Louisiana.- 18. The Effects of Produced Water on Hydrocarbon Levels and on P4501A Monooxygenase Activity in Fish Larvae in the Northern North Sea.- Section IV. Dispersion Models.- 19. Session Summary.- 20. Dispersion Modeling Perspectives on the Environmental Fate of Produced Water Discharges.- 21. Development and Appraisal of a Particle Tracking Model for the Dispersion of Produced Water Discharged from an Oil Production Platform in the North Sea.- 22. A Buoyant Jet/Plume Model for Subsea Releases.- 23. An Intercomparison between Field Measurements and Three Different Calculation Models for Estimates of Dilution Factors.- Section V. Environmental Modelling.- 24. Session Summary.- 25. Environmental Effects of Discharge and Reinjection of Produced Water.- 26. The Role of the Supplier of Production Chemicals in Managing the Environmental Impact of Produced Water in Offshore Oil and Gas Production.- 27. An Introduction to the CHARM Model.- 28. The Charm Model Used in Environmental Risk Management of Produced Water on Ula.- 29. PROVANN: A Model System for Assessing Potential Chronic Effects of Produced Water.- Section VI. U.S. DOE: Gulf of Mexico Studies.- 30. Session Summary.- 31. U.S. Department of Energy Sponsored Study Environmental and Economic Assessment of Discharges from Gulf of Mexico Region Oil and Gas Operations: An Overview.- 32. Assessing the Potential for Enhanced Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals from Produced Water Discharges to the Gulf of Mexico.- 33. An Ecological Risk Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water Discharges to the Western Gulf of Mexico.- 34. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Associated with Offshore Produced Water Discharges in the Gulf of Mexico.- 35. Distribution of Finfish Caught Near Oilfield Structures along Coastal Louisiana and Texas.- 36. Risk Assessment for Produced Water Discharges to Open Bays in Louisiana.- Section VII.Technology for Mitigation.- 37. Session Summary.- 38. Air Stripping Combined with FID Detection for Oil-in-Water Analysis.- 39. Dissolved Component Removal from Oilfield Waters.- 40. Report on the Start-up of a Unique Hydrocyclone-Based System for Treating Produced Water.- 41. Produced Water Reinjection (PWRI): Experiences from the Ula Field.- 42. Down Hole Separation (DHS) Technology.- 43. Evaluation of NF/UF Membrane Treatment in De-Oiling Produced Water in-Situ at a Heavy-Oil Production Facility in Western Canada.- 44. Agip and the Environment: Disposal of Produced Water from Gas Fields Exploitation in the Adriatic Sea.- 45. Biological Treatment Process for Removing Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Oilfield Produced Waters.- 46. Pretreatment of Oil Field and Mine Waste Waters for Reverse Osmosis.- 47. Comparison of Injectivity Prediction Models to Estimate Ula Field Injector Performance for Produced Water Reinjection.