Build your knowledge of SAR/ISAR imaging with this comprehensive and insightful resource

The newly revised Second Edition of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with MATLAB Algorithms covers in greater detail the fundamental and advanced topics necessary for a complete understanding of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and its concepts. Distinguished author and academician, Caner Özdemir, describes the practical aspects of ISAR imaging and presents illustrative examples of the radar signal processing algorithms used for ISAR imaging. The topics in each chapter are supplemented with MATLAB codes to assist readers in better understanding each of the principles discussed within the book.

This new edition incudes discussions of the most up-to-date topics to arise in the field of ISAR imaging and ISAR hardware design. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of advanced techniques like Fourier-based radar imaging algorithms, and motion compensation techniques along with radar fundamentals for readers new to the subject.

The author covers a wide variety of topics, including:

• Radar fundamentals, including concepts like radar cross section, maximum detectable range, frequency modulated continuous wave, and doppler frequency and pulsed radar
• The theoretical and practical aspects of signal processing algorithms used in ISAR imaging
• The numeric implementation of all necessary algorithms in MATLAB
• ISAR hardware, emerging topics on SAR/ISAR focusing algorithms such as bistatic ISAR imaging, polarimetric ISAR imaging, and near-field ISAR imaging,
• Applications of SAR/ISAR imaging techniques to other radar imaging problems such as thru-the-wall radar imaging and ground-penetrating radar imaging

Perfect for graduate students in the fields of electrical and electronics engineering, electromagnetism, imaging radar, and physics, Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With MATLAB Algorithms also belongs on the bookshelves of practicing researchers in the related areas looking for a useful resource to assist them in their day-to-day professional work.

Autorentext

CANER ÖZDEMIR, PHD, teaches undergraduate and graduate courses on electromagnetics, antennas, radar, and signal processing at Mersin University in Turkey. He has published over 150 scientific journal articles and is the recipient of the URSI EMT-S Young Scientist Award in the 2004 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, as well as the 2016 Best Paper Award in SPIE-Journal of Applied Remote Sensing.

Inhalt

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Acknowledgments xix

Acronyms xx

1 Basics of Fourier Analysis 1

1.1 Forward and Inverse Fourier Transform 1

1.1.1 Brief History of FT 1

1.1.2 Forward FT Operation 2

1.1.3 IFT 3

1.2 FT Rules and Pairs 3

1.2.1 Linearity 3

1.2.2 Time Shifting 3

1.2.3 Frequency Shifting 4

1.2.4 Scaling 4

1.2.5 Duality 4

1.2.6 Time Reversal 4

1.2.7 Conjugation 4

1.2.8 Multiplication 4

1.2.9 Convolution 5

1.2.10 Modulation 5

1.2.11 Derivation and Integration 5

1.2.12 Parseval's Relationship 5

1.3 Time-Frequency Representation of a Signal 5

1.3.1 Signal in the Time Domain 6

1.3.2 Signal in the Frequency Domain 6

1.3.3 Signal in the Joint Time-Frequency (JTF) Plane 7

1.4 Convolution and Multiplication Using FT 11

1.5 Filtering/Windowing 12

1.6 Data Sampling 14

1.7 DFT and FFT 16

1.7.1 DFT 16

1.7.2 FFT 17

1.7.3 Bandwidth and Resolutions 17

1.8 Aliasing 19

1.9 Importance of FT in Radar Imaging 19

1.10 Effect of Aliasing in Radar Imaging 23

1.11 Matlab Codes 26

References 33

2 Radar Fundamentals 35

2.1 Electromagnetic Scattering 35

2.2 Scattering from PECs 38

2.3 Radar Cross Section 39

2.3.1 Definition of RCS 40

2.3.2 RCS of Simple-Shaped Objects 43

2.3.3 RCS of Complex-Shaped Objects 44

2.4 Radar Range Equation 44

2.4.1 Bistatic Case 46

2.4.2 Monostatic Case 49

2.5 Range of Radar Detection 50

2.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 51

2.6 Radar Waveforms 53

2.6.1 Continuous Wave 53

2.6.2 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave 56

2.6.3 Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave 59

2.6.4 Short Pulse 61

2.6.5 Chirp (LFM) Pulse 62

2.7 Pulsed Radar 69

2.7.1 Pulse Repetition Frequency 69

2.7.2 Maximum Range and Range Ambiguity 69

2.7.3 Doppler Frequency 70

2.8 Matlab Codes 74

References 82

3 Synthetic Aperture Radar 85

3.1 SAR Modes 86

3.2 SAR System Design 87

3.3 Resolutions in SAR 88

3.4 SAR Image Formation 91

3.5 Range Compression 92

3.5.1 Matched Filter 92

3.5.1.1 Computing Matched Filter Output via Fourier Processing 95

3.5.1.2 Example for Matched Filtering 96

3.5.2 Ambiguity Function 99

3.5.2.1 Relation to Matched Filter 100

3.5.2.2 Ideal Ambiguity Function 101

3.5.2.3 Rectangular-Pulse Ambiguity Function 102

3.5.2.4 LFM-Pulse Ambiguity Function 102

3.5.3 Pulse Compression 105

3.5.3.1 Detailed Processing of Pulse Compression 105

3.5.3.2 Bandwidth, Resolution, and Compression Issues for LFM Signal 109

3.5.3.3 Pulse Compression Example 110

3.6 Azimuth Compression 110

3.6.1 Processing in Azimuth 110

3.6.2 Azimuth Resolution 116

3.6.3 Relation to ISAR 117

3.7 SAR Imaging 118

3.8 SAR Focusing Algorithms 118

3.8.1 RDA 119

3.8.1.1 Range Compression in RDA 120

3.8.1.2 Azimuth Fourier Transform 126

3.8.1.3 Range Cell Migration Correction 128

3.8.1.4 Azimuth Compression 129

3.8.1.5 Simulated SAR Imaging Example 130

3.8.1.6 Drawbacks of RDA 133

3.8.2 Chirp Scaling Algorithm 133

3.8.3 The **-kA 133

3.8.4 Back-Projection Algorithm 134

3.9 Example of a Real SAR Imagery 135

3.10 Problems in SAR Imaging 136

3.10.1 Range Migration and Range Walk 136

3.10.2 Motion Errors 137

3.10.3 Speckle Noise 140

3.11 Advanced Topics in SAR 140

3.11.1 SAR Interferometry 140

3.11.2 SAR Polarimetry 142

3.12 Matlab Codes 143

References 158

4 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Its Basic Concepts 162

4.1 SAR versus ISAR 162

4.2 The Relation of Scattered Field to the Image Function in ISAR 166

4.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Range Profile 167

4.4 1D Cross-Range Profile 172

4.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) ISAR Image Formation (Small Bandwidth, Small Angle) 176

4.5.1 Resolutions in ISAR 180

4.5.1.1 Range Resolution 181

4.5.1.2 Cross-Range Resolution: 181

4.5.2 Range and Cross-Range Extends 181

4.5.3 Imaging Multibounces in ISAR 182

4.5.4 Sample Design Procedure for ISAR 185

4.5.4.1 ISAR Design Example #1: "Aircraft Target" 189

4.5.4.2 ISAR Design Example #2: "Military Tank Target" 193

4.6 2D ISAR Image Formation (Wide Bandwidth, Large Angles) 197

4.6.1 Direct Integration 198

4.6.2 Polar Reformatting 201

4.7 3D ISAR Image Formation 205

4.7.1 Range and Cross-Range resolutions 209

4.7.2 A Design Example for 3D ISAR 210

4.8 Matlab Codes 217

References 243

5 Imaging Issues in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 246

5.1 Fourier-Related Issues 246

5.1.1 DFT Revisited 246

5.1.2 Positive and Negative Frequencies in DFT 250

5.2 Image Aliasing 252

5.3 Polar Reformatting Revisited 255

5.3.1 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation 255

5.3.2 Bilinear Interpolation 258

5.4 Zero Padding 260

5.5 Point Spread Function 264

5.6 Windowing 269

5.6.1 Common Windowing Functions 269

5.6.1.1 Rectangular Window 269

5.6.1.2 Triangular Window 269

5.6.1.3 Hanning Window 272

5.6.1.4 Hamming Window 272

5.6.1.5 Kaiser Window 272

5.6.1.6 Blackman Window 276

5.6.1.7 Chebyshev Window 277

5.6.2 ISAR Image Smoothing via Windowing 277

5.7 Matlab Codes 280

References 304

6 Range-Doppler Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing 306

6.1 Scenarios for ISAR 306

6.1.1 Imaging Aerial Targets via Ground-Based Radar 307

6.1.2 Imaging Ground/Sea Targets via Aerial Radar 309

6.2 ISAR Waveforms for Range-Doppler Processing 312

6.2.1 Chirp Pulse Train 312

6.2.2 Stepped …