The Advanced Research Workshop on "Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning and Related Problems" was held at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia on June 19-22, 1995. On June 17 and 18, 1995 some of the workshop participants visited the Zwezdochka Shipyard at Severodvinsk which is a repair and dismantlement facility for Russian nuclear submarines. Attendance at the workshop was approximately 115 with participants from Russia, United States, France, Norway, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, and Germany. The workshop was sponsored by the Disarmament Panel of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science Committee. The sponsorship and the financial support of NATO is gratefully acknowledged. The workshop was organized in Russia by the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBRAE). The efforts of many individuals from IBRAE in producing both a technically challenging workshop and an almost flawless one are also gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the support of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Defense Technologies, the Ministry of the Russian Federation on Atomic Energy, the Navy of the Russian Federation, and the United States Department of Energy is acknowledged. xi CURRENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR SUBMARINE DECOMMISSIONING PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR SUBMARINE DECOMMISSIONING AND RECYCLING N. I. SHUMKOV State Committee for Defense Industry (Goseomoboronprom) Moscow, Russia 1. General Description of the Problem Undoubtedly, the problem of nuclear submarine decommissioning and recycling has been worrying Russian civil and military specialists involved in development, building and operation of submarines for many years.

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The end of the Cold War has led to an acceleration in the decommissioning of the world's nuclear submarine fleet. Russian vessels, in particular, are being taken rapidly out of service and this surge of vessels has in many cases far exceeded the capacity of the available decommissioning facilities in Russia. Severe problems exist in areas such as the storage of submarines awaiting defuelling, storage and transport of spent nuclear fuel, the handling of radioactive wastes, and the dismantling and disposal of major submarine components. The magnitude and complexity of such problems, many of them revealed here to the public for the first time, are laid bare in some detail, with a discussion of the associated environmental impact, especially in the Arctic and the western Pacific. Solutions to these problems are proposed. Audience: Specialists in military and nuclear disarmament, nuclear decommissioning, environmental impacts and cleanup, global environmental pollution, etc.

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Current Status of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning.- Problems of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning and Recycling.- Worldwide Overview of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning Plans and Issues.- Overview of Nuclear Submarine Inactivation and Scrapping/Recycling in the United States.- French Strategy for Disposal of Nuclear Powered Ships and Spent Fuel.- Conceptual Approaches to Decommissioning, Dismantlement, and Utilization of Nuclear Submarines.- Basics of the Concept of Reactor Compartment Handling (Including Off-Normal) when Recycling Nuclear Submarines. Top-Priority R&D.- Basic Approaches to the Problem of Recycling of Russian Nuclear Submarines.- Major Directions of Recycling Power Compartments from Nuclear Submarines.- Conceptual Approach to Recycling of Nuclear Submarines and Solid Radioactive Waste Produced.- Decommissioning and Recycling of Nuclear Submarines and Other Nuclear Powered Ships and Vessels.- Radioecological Problems Related to Disassembly and Recycling of Decommissioned Nuclear Submarines.- An Alternative Concept for Recycling Nuclear Submarines of the Russian Federation Navy.- Situation with Decommissioning, Dismantlement and Recycling of Nuclear Submarines in Russia.- Nonbudget Financing of the Nuclear Submarine Recycling Problem.- Radioactive Material and Waste Treatment Problems.- Radioactive Waste Reprocessing in Nuclear Submarine Recycling.- Liquid Waste Processing.- Principles of Handling Decommissioned Ship Reactors.- Issues of Policy Integration in Solving the Problems of Nuclear Submarines Decommissioning.- Decommissioning of Nuclear Submarines: Waste Minimization by Recycling.- Systems Approach for Safe Handling and Quality Assurance in Waste Management: Conditioning, Transport, Storage, Disposal, and Safeguards.- Problems of Decontamination and Reprocessing of Materials, Equipment and Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Submarines Being Recycled.- Disposal of High-Level Waste Through Underground Nuclear Explosions in the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago.- Experience with and Technologies for Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning, Dismantlement and Utilization.- Experience of Nuclear Submarine Recycling at Nerpa Ship Repairing Plant.- On Problems of Recycling Nuclear Submarines at Zvezda Plant.- Problems of Nuclear Submarine Recycling and Environmental Protection.- Safety Issues when Handling Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste in the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Federation.- Decommissioning Plan for Paldiski Nuclear Facilities.- Review of Key Decontamination and Dismantlement Technologies.- Overview of Defueling Approaches used to Deal with Reactors that have Major Core Damage.- A Consortium Approach to Nuclear Plant Material Recycle and the Stabilization of Nuclear Naval Vessels and Waste Materials.- Cementation of Equipment and Power Compartment Rooms as an Ecologically Safe Approach to Decommissioning, Recycling and Burial of Nuclear Submarines.- Recycling of Objects by Explosive Processes.- Radiation Safety: Experience and Problems.- Comparative Ecological and Hygienic Analysis of Existing and Perspective Technologies for Nuclear Submarine Disintegration.- Top-Priority Issues of Radiation Safety in Decommissioning, Dismantling, and Recycling Nuclear Submarines.- Ensuring of Radiation Safety when Decommissiong, Dismantling and Recycling Nuclear Submarines.- Radiation Factors Determining the Safety of Handling Reactor Compartments when Decommissioning Nuclear Submarines.- Sealed-State Criteria in Technologies for Extended Storage of Recycled Reactor Compartments.- Normalization of the RadiationSituation in Reactor Compartments of Nuclear Submarines Prior to Dismantlement.- Radioecology Issues.- Overview of Contamination from U.S. and Russian Nuclear Complexes.- Radioecological Situation at Bases and Sites for Refueling and Recycling of Nuclear Submarines in the Russian Federation Pacific Fleet. Organizational Issues of Radioecological Support.- The NATO/CCMS/NACC Pilot Study on Cross-Border Radioactive Contamination Emanating from Defense-Related Installations in the Barents and the Kara Sea.- Norwegian Concerns Regarding Nuclear Submarine Decommission Activities.- U.S. Department of Defense/Office of Naval Research Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program.