Prescription drugs are a basic and invaluable part of society today, but there is debate surrounding the methods of testing new drugs, the possible misuse of prescription drugs, and the economics of drug production and use. This book examines the evolution of prescription drugs in the United States, as well as the formation of the pharmaceutical industry. It begins with a history of prescription drugs, dating back to their origins, then moves through the Industrial Revolution and into the present day. It also delves into the issues and controversies related to prescription drugs, such as drug costs, regulations, prescription drug abuse, insurance complications, and more. Both implemented and proposed solutions are also discussed. One of the most valuable aspects of the book is that it surveys the history of prescription drugs in a manner that helps the reader identify key issues in an easy-to-understand fashion. Finally, the perspectives chapter allows a broad range of voices to be heard, allowing crucial, diverse perspectives to round out the author''s expertise.

Autorentext

David E. Newton is the author of more than 400 textbooks, encyclopedias, workbooks, and other educational materials, primarily in the field of science and math.

Inhalt

Preface

1. Background and History
Drug Basics

• Drug Sources
• Drug Types
• Drug Nomenclature
  The Drug Approval Process
• Preclinical Testing
• Clinical Testing
• FDA Approval
  Unapproved Drugs
  Orphan Drugs
  Prescription Drugs in History
• The History of Pharmaceutics

• Narcotics
  Monitoring of Drug Use
  Conclusion
  References

  2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
  
  Testing New Drugs

• Animal Experimentation
• Human Experimentation
• Testing Biases
• Reforming Drug Trial Inequities
  Prescription Drug Abuse
• Types of Prescription Drugs of Abuse
  The Cost of Prescription Drugs
• The Data
• Causes

• Possible Solutions
  Conclusion
  References

  3. Perspectives
  
  Introduction
  The Cork Board, Kyle Citrin, Clay Knibbs, and Carter Soboleski
  Climate Change and Prescription Drugs: The Impacts of Increased Temperature on Public Health, Shel Evergreen
  Drug Discovery: A Twentieth-Century Story of Scientific Curiosity, Persistence, and Creative Guesswork, Margaret Willig Crane
  Will Naloxone Become a Real "Superhero"?, Randolph Fillmore
  Drugs and the Professional Bodybuilder, Kenzie Gauck
  The Significance of Statistics, Joel Grossman
  Prescription Drug Ads That Target Consumers, Phill Jones
  The Human Brain, Maia Pujara
  The Second-Best Time, Thomm Quackenbush
  Sick Full Time, Marissa Quenqua
  The Drug Supply Chain and the United States, Bob Roehr
  Can Information Technology Help Curb Prescription Drug Abuse?, Jeremy Summers
  4. Profiles
  
  Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies
  Bayer AG
  Drug Enforcement Administration
  Carl Durham (1892-1974)
  Hubert Humphrey (1911-1978)
  Paul Janssen (1926-2003)
  Kaiser Family Foundation
  William Proctor Jr. (1817-1874)
  Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1841)
  Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (1925-2014)
  Daniel B. Smith (1792-1883)
  5. Data and Documents
  
  Data

• Table 5.1. Urban-Rural Differences in Drug Overdose Death Rates, by Sex, Age, and Type of Drugs Involved, 1999-2017
• Table 5.2. Strategies Used by U.S. Adults to Reduce Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2013-2017
• Table 5.3. Descriptive Statistics on Prescription Drug Prices for Select Countries, 2018
• Table 5.4. Median Total Cost of Top-Selling Brand-Name Drugs, 2012-2017
• Table 5.5. Prescription Drug Use in the Past 30 Days, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Age: United States, Selected Years 1988-1994 through 2013-2016
• Table 5.6. Trends in Use of One or More Prescription Drugs in the Past 30 Days, by Age, 2007-2016

• Table 5.7. Most Commonly Used Prescription Drug Types in the Past 30 Days, by Age Group, 2015-2016

  Documents

• Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)
• Controlled Substances Act (1970)
• Orphan Drug Act of 1983
• Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
• Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987
• State Doctor Shopping Laws (1990/2011)
• Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
• Animal Drug Availability Act (1996)
• Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008
• FDA Bad Ad Program (2010)
• United States ex rel. Michael Mullen v. AmerisourceBergen Corporation, et al. (2018)
• American Patients First (2018)
• Generic Drugs: Questions & Answers (2018)
• Association for Accessible Medicines v. Frosh (2018)
• Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage (2020)

• The American Hospital Association v. Azar (2020)

  6. Resources
  
  Books
  Articles
  Reports
  Internet
  7. Chronology

  Glossary
  Index