The storage of electroenergy is an essential feature of modem energy technologies. Unfortunately, no economical and technically feasible method for the solution of this severe problem is presently available. But electrochemistry is a favourite candidate from an engineering point of view. It promises the highest energy densities of all possible alternatives. If this is true, there will be a proportionality between the amount of electricity to be stored and the possible voltage, together with the mass of materials which make this storage possible. Insofar it is a matter of material science to develop adequate systems. Electricity is by far the most important secondary energy source. The present production rate, mainly in the thermal electric power stations, is in the order of 1.3 TW. Rechargeable batteries (RB) are of widespread use in practice for electroenergy storage and supply. The total capacity of primary and rechargeable batteries being exploited is the same as that of the world electric power stations. However, the important goal in the light of modem energy technology, namely the economical storage of large amounts of electricity for electric vehicles, electric route transport, load levelling, solar energy utilization, civil video & audio devices, earth and spatial communications, etc. will not be met by the presently available systems. Unless some of the new emerging electrochemical systems are established up to date, RB's based on aqueous acidic or alkali accumulators are mainly produced today.

Klappentext

Electricity is the most important secondary energy source, the present production rate, mainly from thermal electric power stations, being of the order of 1.3 TW. However, the total capacity of primary and rechargeable batteries currently in use is the same as the output of the world's power stations. But present battery systems will not meet future needs for the economical storage of large amounts of electrical energy for vehicles, public transport, road levelling, solar energy utilisation, civil video and audio, terrestrial and space communications, etc. Current accumulators based on aqueous acid or alkali systems do not have sufficient output and, moreover, the materials employed (Pb, Cd, Ni) are environmental pollutants that require safe recycling. Further, stocks of these strategic metals are being rapidly depleted. br/ This book discusses actual field results with novel systems, such as rechargeable lithium batteries, zinc/air cells, metal-free accumulators, graphite/carbon devices and others, including fuel cells. The book stresses that a universal electrochemical system is not feasible: the choice of any system must depend on the concrete field of application and must be taken in consideration of a large number of technical, economic and environmental circumstances.

Zusammenfassung
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Puscha Voditsa near Kiev, Ukraine, May 14-17, 1995

Inhalt

1. Improvements of Conventional Aqueous Accumulators.- 1.1 Materials for Bipolar Lead-Acid Batteries.- 1.2 Rechargeable Electrochemical Cell Studies at ESTCO.- 2. Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.- 2.1 Intercalation Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries.- 2.2 Investigation of Graphite-Lithium Intercalation Anodes for Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries.- 2.3 Reversible Li Intercalation into Carbonaceous Materials.- 2.4 Carbon Fluoride Cathode for Lithium Cells.- 2.5 Low-Melting Salts and Glasses as Lithium Battery Electrolytes.- 2.6. Dimercaptan-Polyaniline/Lithium Rechargeable Batteries with High Energy Density.- 2.7 Rechargeable Lithium Battery with Inorganic Electrolyte.- 3. Rechargeable Metall/Air-Batteries.- 3.1 3-D Zinc/Air Bipolar Rechargeable Battery.- 3.2 The Electric Fuel™ Zinc-Air Mechanically Rechargeable Battery System for Electric Vehicles.- 3.3 Applications of Bifunctional Air Electrodes.- 3.4 Advanced Half-Gas Systems for Rechargeable Batteries.- 3.5 Electrochemistry with Metal/Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Aspects of the O2 Reduction and H2 Oxidation.- 3.6 Oxide Electrocatalysts. The Case of RuO2-based Film Electrodes.- 4. Fuel Cells As Rechargeable Batteries.- 4.1 Fuel Cells as Rechargeable Batteries.- 4.2 Fuel Cell Systems for Vehicle Applications.- 5. Metal Hydride (MH)/Nickel Rechargeable Batteries.- 5.1 Chinese Advanced and Cheap Rechargeable Battery.- 5.2 Studies on Foamed Hydrogen Absorbing Electrodes.- 5.3 Application of the Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys to Ni-MH Type Accumulators.- 5.4 Electrochemical Properties of the Hydrogen Absorbing AB2 Type Alloys for Nickel-Metal Hydride Secondary Batteries.- 5.5 Electrochemical Investigation of Hydrogen Evolution and Absorption Phenomena in Nickel Based Electrodes.- 6. Conducting Polymers inRechargeable Batteries.- 6.1 Polyaniline as an Active Material for Rechargeable Batteries (Ext. Abstract).- 6.2 Conjugated Polymers as Active Materials for Rechargeable Batteries.- 6.3 Secondary Power Sources on the Basis of Conductive Polymeric Materials (Ext. Abstract).- 6.4 Fast Charge-Discharge Kinetics in Intrinsically Conducting Polymers - Intercalation and Film Relaxation.- 6.5 Charging-Discharging Process of Polypyrrole Films in Solutions of Tetraphenylborate Anions.- 7. Carbon and Carbonaceous Materials.- 7.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries.- 7.2 Novel Type of Storage Cells Based on Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors.- 7.3 Precompacted Carbon Black (C.B.) Electrodes in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid: Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor (ECDLC) in Single Electrodes.- 8. Metal-Free Rechargeable Batteries.- 8.1. Design and Materials for Metal-Free Rechargeable Batteries.- 8.2 On the Perspectives of Application of Monomer and Conductive Polymer Materials for Developing Metal-Free and Semi-Metal Rechargeable Batteries.- 8.3 Optimization of Cyclic Behaviour of the Metal-Free GIC/H2F2/AQ Rechargeable Battery.- 8.4 Metal-Free Graphite/HBF4/Anthraquinone Rechargeable Batteries.- 8.5 Study of Anthraquinone and Graphite Electrode Behaviour in Mixed Solvent Sulphuric Acid.- 9. Miscellaneous, Reviews.- 9.1 Advanced Rechargeable Batteries for Different Widespread Applications.- 9.2 Simulation and Optimal Design of Secondary Batteries.- 9.3 Novel Low- and Medium- Temperature Sulfur-Alkali Metal Batteries Based on Charge Transfer Complexes (CTC) (Ext. Abstract).- 9.4 Different Electrochemical Ways to Store and Generate Electrical Energy (Ext. Abstract).- Author Index.