This book includes all papers presented at the International Symposium on Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control held at Berchtesgaden, Federal Republic of Germany, March 8-12, 1976. The Symposium was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Brussels, and the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn. We believe the book constitutes an important and timely status report on monitoring behavior and supervisory control by human operators of complex man-machine systems in which the computer is sharing key functions with the man. These systems include aircraft and other vehicles, nuclear and more conventional power plants, and processes for the manu facture of chemicals, petroleum, and discrete parts. By "monitoring" we mean the systematic observation by a human operator of mul tiple sources of information, e. g. , ranging from integrated display consoles to disparate "live situations". The monitor's purpose is to determine whether operations are normal and proceeding as desired, and to diagnose difficulties in the case of abnormality or undesirable outcomes. By "supervisory control" we mean control by a human operator of a computer which, at a lower level, is controlling a dynamic system. In such systems, the computer-control normally operates continuously or at high data rates in loops closed through electromechanical sensors and motors. By contrast, the human operator normally signals or reprograms the computer intermittently or at a much slower pace. The human operator handles the higher level tasks and determines the goals of the overall system.

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Section 1 Man-Vehicle Control.- 1. Preview of Man-Vehicle Control Session.- 2. Some Aspects of Automation in Civil Transport Aircraft.- 3. Techniques for Display/Control System Integration in Supervisory and Monitoring Systems.- 4. Integrated Computer-Generated Cockpit Displays.- 5. Evaluation of Information Displays in Control and Monitoring Tasks.- 6. Man-Machine Relationship in SELTRAC.- 7. Driver Decision-Making Research in a Laboratory Simulation.- 8. Human Performance and Workload in Simulated Landing-Approaches with Autopilot-Failures.- 9. Evaluation of Vigilance Related to Visual Perception.- 10. Workload in Air Traffic Control A Field Study.- 11. Pilot Workload Analysis Based upon In-Flight Physiological Measurements and Task Analysis Methods.- 12. The Measurement of Human Response in Man-Vehicle Control Situations.- 13. Pilot Workload Analysis.- 14. The Internal Model What Does It Mean in Human Control?.- Section 2 General Models.- 1. Preview of Models of the Human Monitor/Supervisor.- 2. The Vigilance Increment: An Ideal Observer Hypothesis.- 3. Monitoring and Control of Unreliable Systems.- 4. Detection of Random Process Failures by Human Monitors.- 5. Attention, Control, and Sampling Behaviour.- 6. A Queueing Model of Monitoring and Supervisory Behaviour.- 7. The Model Supervisor Dilemma.- 8. Toward a General Model of Supervisory Control.- 9. The Human Operator Simulator HOS.- 10. Adaptive Allocation of Decision Making Responsibility between Supervisor and Computer.- 11. Man/Machine Interaction in Adaptive Computer-Aided Control.- Section 3 Process Control.- 1. Preview of Process Control Session.- 2. The Behaviour of Process Operators under Emergency Conditions.- 3. Evaluation of Man-Machine Relationships in U.S. Nuclear Power Plants.- 4.Control Strategies of Novice and Experienced Controllers with a Slow Response System (A Zero-Energy Nuclear Reactor).- 5. Human Performance in Manual Process Control.- 6. Outlines of a Hybrid Model of the Process Plant Operator.- 7. The Man-Robot Interface in Automated Assembly.- 8. The Effect of Cost on the Sampling Behavior of Human Instrument Monitors.- 9. Parallel vs. Serial Instrumentation for Multivariable Manual Control in Control Rooms.- 10. Perceptual Organisation and the Design of the Man-Computer Interface in Process Control.- 11. Process Control Simple and Sophisticated Display Devices as Decision Aids.- 12. Autonomous I/O-Colour-Screen System for Process Control with Virtual Keyboards Adapted to the Actual Task.- 13. Graphic Video Displays for Process and Man-Vehicle Control.- Section 4 Workshop Reports.- and Summary.- Workshop Discussion Report Group I.- Workshop Discussion Report Group II.- Workshop Discussion Report Group III.- Workshop Discussion Report Group IV.- Appendices.- Appendix A. Glossary of Special Terms.- Appendix B. Participants.