Autorentext

Michael G. Pecht is a Chair Professor and the Director of the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland, USA. He earned his PhD in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and has authored over 30 books and more than 900 technical articles. He is a world-renowned expert in strategic planning, design, testing, and risk assessment of electronics and information systems.

Klappentext

Comprehensive reference detailing the manufacturing, storage, transportation, safety, and regulations of Li-Ion batteries The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries presents a comprehensive overview of the safety issues related to lithium-ion batteries. After an introduction explaining the basics of lithium-ion battery technology and the various components used throughout the manufacturing process, the book delves into the design and process of failure models and mechanisms including cell assembly, formation, and electrode preparation processes, discusses the compliance, regulations, and standards of lithium-ion battery transportation, and reviews how environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure can affect the durability, performance, and safety of batteries. The reader is presented with the range of companies that are producing batteries, the various lithium-ion chemistries being implemented in batteries by these companies, and which chemistries are being used for which applications. Next, the various defects in design and manufacturing that can affect the propensity for fires are presented along with best practices. This section is followed by an overview of the qualification tests, quality assurance methods, and standards needed to ensure safe design. The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries includes information on:

• Types of batteries and the trade-off between energy density and safety risks
• Thermal runaway and mitigation strategies such as flame retardants and venting mechanisms
• The reuse, repurposing, and disposal of batteries and how new regulations in the European Union concerning the ability to replace batteries and the right to repair will affect safety risks
• The battery supply chain in the consumer, industrial, electric vehicle, and renewable energy sectors

• Data transparency challenges between manufacturers and end-users/system designers Written by a team of experts, The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries is essential reading for professionals working in a wide range of industries including batteries, EV, and energy storage.

  Inhalt

  About the Editors, Authors, and Assistants xv

  Preface xxiv

  Acknowledgement xxxi

  Acronyms xxxii

  1 Basics of Lithium-Ion Battery Technology 1
  Simin Peng, Yue Shen, Genkai Xia, Sahithi Maddipatla, Lingxi Kong, and Mohammed Saquib Khan

  1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Structure and Chemistry 1

  1.2 Definitions of Key Battery Performance Metrics 3

  1.3 Energy Density and Safety Analysis of Battery Materials 4

  1.4 Cathode Materials: LCO, LMO, LFP, NMC, NCA, and Li-SPAN 5

  1.4.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery 5

  1.4.2 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) Battery 6

  1.4.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery 6

  1.4.4 Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Oxide (NMC) Battery 6

  1.4.5 Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide (NCA) Battery 7

  1.4.6 Lithium-Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile (Li-SPAN) Battery 7

  1.4.7 Summary of Cathode Materials 7

  1.5 Anode Materials: Carbon-Based, Silicon-Based, Metal, and Alloying Anodes 8

  1.5.1 Carbon-Based Materials 8

  1.5.2 Silicon-Based Materials 9

  1.5.3 Metal and Alloying Anodes 9

  1.6 Electrolytes: Liquid and Solid Electrolytes 10

  1.6.1 Liquid Electrolytes 11

  1.6.2 Solid Electrolytes 11

  1.6.3 Summary of Electrolyte Comparisons 12

  1.7 Separators 12

  1.7.1 Polyolefin Separators 15

  1.7.2 Nonwoven Separators 15

  1.7.3 Ceramic Separators 15

  1.8 Future Trends in Batteries 16

  1.9 Summary 17

  References 18
  2 Global Suppliers of Battery Raw Materials 21
  Simin Peng, Guanwei Jiang, Yu Zhang, Yulun Zhang, Kianoush Naeli, Virendra Jadhav, Sanjay Tiku, Sahithi Maddipatla, and Lingxi Kong

  2.1 Introduction 21

  2.2 Analysis of Raw Materials 22

  2.3 Battery Cell Component Production 23

  2.3.1 Positive Electrode Materials 24

  2.3.2 Negative Electrode Materials 26

  2.3.3 Electrolytes 28

  2.3.4 Separators 30

  2.3.5 Packaging Materials 32

  2.4 Battery Management Systems 33

  2.5 Summary 34

  References 35

  3 Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Process and Form Factors 39
  Simin Peng, Guanwei Jiang, Yuwei Nie, Yu Zhang, Lingxi Kong, and Sahithi Maddipatla

  3.1 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) Structure Overview 39

  3.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Process 39

  3.2.1 Electrode Sheet Preparation 42

  3.2.2 LIB Cell Assembly 44

  3.2.3 Sealing of LIBs 45

  3.2.4 Formation and Testing of LIBs 46

  3.3 Advancements and Refinements in LIB Manufacturing 48

  3.4 Summary 48

  References 49

  4 The Lithium-Ion Battery Market and Key Cell Manufacturers 51
  Hayder Ali and Hassan Abbas Khan

  4.1 History of Lithium-Ion Battery Commercialization 52

  4.2 Expansion of the Lithium-Ion Batteries Industry 54

  4.3 Geographic Distribution of Battery Manufacturing 54

  4.4 Demand for Batteries 56

  4.5 Leading Battery Producers Worldwide 58

  4.5.1 Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL) 59

  4.5.2 BYD Co., Ltd. 59

  4.5.3 LG Energy Solution, Ltd. 60

  4.5.4 Panasonic Holdings Corporation 60

  4.5.5 SK Innovation Co., Ltd. 61

  4.5.6 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. 61

  4.5.7 CALB Group Co., Ltd. 61

  4.5.8 Farasis Energy (Gan Zhou) Co., Ltd. 62

  4.5.9 Envision AESC 62

  4.5.10 Sunwoda Electric Battery Co., Ltd. 62

  4.6 Battery Suppliers and Their Market Clients 63

  4.7 Summary 64

  References 64

  5 Lithium-Ion Battery Cell and Pack Design Considerations 73
  Yulun Zhang, Kianoush Naeli, Virendra Jadhav, and Sanjay Tiku

  5.1 Cell Design Considerations 73

  5.1.1 Mechanical Structure 73

  5.1.2 Chemical Architecture 74

  5.1.3 Safety Architecture: TCO 75

  5.2 Pack Design Considerations 76

  5.2.1 Cell Configurations in a Pack 77

  5.2.2 Battery Management System (BMS) 79

  5.2.3 Electrical Assembly 81

  5.2.4 Mechanical Assembly 82

  5.3 OEM Device Design Considerations 83

  5.3.1 Device Functional and Performance Requirements 83

  5.3.2 Enclosure Design for Battery Protection 84

  5.3.3 Replacement and Reworkability 84

  5.3.4 BMS and Smart Charging 85

  5.3.5 Usage Patterns and Telemetry 85

  5.4 Summary 86

  References 87

  6 Design and Process Failure Modes and Mechanisms 89
  Sahithi Maddipatla, Saurabh Saxena, and Michael G. Pecht

  6.1 Introduction 89

  6.2 Failure Mechanisms in Li-Ion Batteries 91

  6.2.1 Negative Electrode (Anode) 91

  6.2.2 Positive Electrode (Cathode) 92

  6.2.3 Electrolyte 92

  6.2.4 Separator 92

  6.2.5 Current Collectors 93

  6.2.6 Battery Cap Structure 93

  6.3 Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Process 94

  6.4 Role of the Design and Manufacturing Process in Battery Safety 95

  6.4.1 Internal Short Circuit 97

  6.4.2 Localized Heating 97

  6.4.3 Increased Gas Generation 97

  6.4.4 Malfunctioning of Safety Devices 98

  6.5 Summary 99

  References 107

  7 Thermal Runaway and Mitigation Strategies 113
  Simin Peng, Yue Shen, Genkai Xia, Sahithi Maddipatla, Lingxi Kong, Weiping Diao, and MichaelG.Pecht

  7.1 Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries 113

  7.2 Safety Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies in Lithium-Ion Batteries 114

  7.2.1 Current Interrupt Devices (CID) 114

  7.2.2 Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) 116

  7.2.3 Venting Mechanisms 117

  7.2.4 Flame Retardants 118

  7.2.5 Shutdown Separators 119

  7.2.6 Metal-Polymer Current Collectors 120

  7.2.7 Protection Circuitry and Battery Management System 120

  7.2.8 Battery Thermal Management Systems 122

  7.3 S…