Morphometrical differentiation 63 Prediction of breeding origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Body mass 69 Primary moult 69 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The taxonomy of the Eurasian Golden Plover 69 The existence of a partial breast-feather moult during breeding 69 Morphometrical differentiation between both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The occurrence of primary moult on the breeding grounds 70 Summary 70 6 Grey Plover - Pluvialis squatarola 71 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Morphometrical differentiation 77 Prediction of breeding origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Accuracy 81 Exclusivity 81 Contact zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Body mass 85 Primary moult 85 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 The taxonomy of the Grey Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Small size at northern latitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Morphometrical variation in the Palearctic 87 Summary 87 7 Red Knot - Calidris canutus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Morphometrical differentiation 93 Prediction of breeding origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Accuracy 99 Exclusivity 101 Contact zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Body mass 102 Primary moult 103 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 of the Knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The taxonomy Is the knot breeding in Yakutia? 106 Different degrees of geographical variation in the d'd' and !f!f 106 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8 Sanderling - Calidris alba 109 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Morphometrical differentiation 111 Prediction of breeding origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Accuracy 116 Exclusivity 118 Contact zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Body mass 118 Primary moult 118 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 The taxonomy of the Sanderling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Sexing Sanderlings 119 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 VI 9 Curlew Sandpiper - Calidris ferruginea 121 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Morphometrical differentiation 123 Prediction of a bird's sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Accuracy 127 Exclusivity 127 Body mass 127 Primary moult 127 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 The taxonomy of the Curlew Sandpiper 127 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inhalt
1 Introduction.- Skin collections.- The phylogeography of waders.- Geographical variation, glaciations, and interstadials.- The inheritance of morphometric characters.- Geographical variation and taxonomy.- Phylogenetics.- 2 Material and methods.- The selected species.- Selecting breeding birds.- The measured variables.- Reliability and reproducibility of measurements.- Statistical analysis of the data.- The distinction of breeding populations.- Construction of a typology.- The difference between 'types' and breeding populations.- Predicting geographical breeding origins.- The accuracy of predictions.- The exclusivity of predictions.- Variable selection for future use.- 3 introduction to the species' accounts.- General information.- The breeding range.- Geographical variation.- Wing structure.- 4 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula and Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 5 Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 6 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 7 Red Knot Calidris canutus.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 8 Sanderling Calidris alba.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 9 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Body mass.-Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 10 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 11 Dunlin Calidris alpina.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 12 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Discussion.- Summary.- 13 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 14 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 15 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 16 Redshank Tringa totanus.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Contact zones.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 17 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres.- Morphometrical differentiation.- Prediction of breeding origin.- Body mass.- Primary moult.- Discussion.- Summary.- 18 General discussion.- Variation among and within species.- Have long-distance migrants short and small wings?.- Morphometrics in relation to sexual size dimorphism.- Skewed sex-ratios on the breeding grounds.- Estimating the composition of wader populations.- Morphometrics and DNA-studies.- Geographical isolation in low arctic Canada.- Curlew species in Kazakhstan and S Russia.- Which measurements ought to be included in morphometric studies?.- 19 References.- Annex 1. Summary ofmorphometric data.- Annex 2. Lengths of primaries in relation to maximum wing lengths.- Annex 3. POSCON and the pre…