Autorentext

Craig Lawson, PhD, is Professor of Aircraft Design at Cranfield University, UK. He is a Chartered Engineer, Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. He is an expert in aircraft design focusing on assessment of the impact of novel systems on aircraft design, performance, and assembly. He manages industry and government funded research projects, supervises doctoral candidates, and teaches aircraft conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design to postgraduate students. David Judt is the Head of Airworthiness at Aircraft Completion Engineering, France. He is a Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. Educated at Glasgow University and Cranfield University, he was Senior Lecturer and Course Director for the Aerospace Vehicle Design MSc. program, teaching and researching in the airframe systems field. He now leads the certification and continued airworthiness activities for cabin modifications and oxygen system products.

Klappentext

In-depth reference on fixed wing aircraft electrical and mechanical systems, covering electronics, hydraulics, and other essential components Aircraft Systems delivers comprehensive material on the design and development of fixed wing aircraft electrical and mechanical systems, providing broad coverage of aircraft systems including electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, flight control actuation, and landing gear. The book features many practical examples of existing commercial and military aircraft. Academic design studies and methods are presented, along with information on technical and mathematical methods of design. The book also features design guides for each system, including equations where appropriate to size sub-systems and major components, and discusses environmental concerns. Topics discussed in Aircraft Systems include:

• Aircraft systems design philosophy and safety, covering systems design approaches, safety assessments, requirement captures, and component reliability
• Secondary power sources including main engines, auxiliary and ground power units, batteries, ram air turbines, and fuel cells
• Hydraulic system components, covering hydraulic fluids, pumps, and piping, reservoirs, filters, accumulators, and relief valves

• Aircraft icing and rain protection, covering ice protection systems such as electro-impulse de-icing and chemical ice protection systems Aircraft Systems is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying the design of fixed wing aircraft systems. The book is also valuable to professionals in aerospace engineering due to its broad view of aircraft systems development and integration.

  Inhalt

  About the Authors x

  Series Preface xi

  Preface xii

  1 Introduction 1

  1.1 Which Are the Airframe Systems? 2

  1.2 Aircraft Systems Design Processes and Aircraft-Level

  Considerations 2

  1.3 Systems Integration 2

  Bibliography 5

  2 Airframe System Design Process 6

  2.1 Introduction 6

  2.1.1 Systems Design Approach 6

  2.1.2 Safety Assessment Philosophy 7

  2.1.3 Aircraft Systems Design Methods 8

  2.1.4 SAE ARP4754A 8

  2.1.5 SAE ARP4761 9

  2.2 Requirements Capture 9

  2.3 System Safety Assessment 11

  2.3.1 Functional Hazard Assessment 11

  2.3.2 Development Assurance Process and Levels 13

  2.3.3 Fault Tree Analysis 14

  2.3.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 15

  2.4 System Architectures 16

  2.4.1 Representing Architectures 17

  2.4.2 Architectures for Analysis 18

  2.5 System Design for Maintainability 19

  2.5.1 Maintenance Cost Estimation 20

  2.5.2 Accessibility 21

  2.5.3 System Ageing and Obsolescence 24

  2.6 Aircraft Level Trade-off

  Analysis 24

  2.6.1 Fuel Penalties 25

  2.7 Cost 31

  2.7.1 Subsystem Cost Breakdown 31

  2.7.2 Estimation Approaches 31

  2.8 Summary 35

  References 35

  3 Aircraft Secondary Power Systems 37

  3.1 Introduction 37

  3.2 Secondary Power Forms 37

  3.2.1 Pneumatic Power Systems 37

  3.2.2 Hydraulic Power Systems 39

  3.2.3 Electrical Power Systems 40

  3.2.4 Variable-Frequency

  AC 41

  3.2.5 Fixed-Frequency

  AC 41

  3.2.6 High-Voltage

  DC 41

  3.2.7 Low-Voltage

  DC 41

  3.3 Secondary Power Sources 42

  3.3.1 Aircraft-Level

  Effects 42

  3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 43

  3.3.3 Trade Study 44

  3.3.4 Main Engines 45

  3.3.5 Auxiliary Power Units 46

  3.3.6 Ground Power Units 47

  3.3.7 Ram Air Turbines 48

  3.3.8 Emergency Power Units 49

  3.3.9 Stored Energy and Batteries 49

  4 Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51

  4.1 Introduction 51

  4.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51

  4.2.1 Airworthiness Requirements 52

  4.3 Bleed Air Systems Design 53

  4.4 Bleed Air Systems Components 54

  4.4.1 Pneumatic Valves 54

  4.4.2 Pre-coolers

  54

  4.4.3 Ducting 55

  4.5 The Use of Bleed Air 56

  4.5.1 Engine Starting Systems 56

  4.5.2 Engine Thrust Reversing and Variable Nozzle Geometry Systems 57

  4.5.3 Pitot-Static

  System 57

  4.6 Boeing 767 Pneumatic System 57

  Bibliography 59

  5 Hydraulic Power Systems 60

  5.1 Introduction 60

  5.2 Hydraulic System Components 61

  5.2.1 Hydraulic Fluids 61

  5.2.2 Hydraulic Pumps 63

  5.2.3 Hydraulic Pumps for Low-Pressure

  Applications 64

  5.2.4 Hydraulic Pumps for High-Pressure

  Applications 65

  5.2.5 Hydraulic Piping 68

  5.2.6 Reservoirs 70

  5.2.7 Filters 72

  5.2.8 Accumulators 74

  5.2.9 Pressure Control Valves 74

  5.2.10 Heat Exchangers 76

  5.2.11 Power Control Units 76

  5.3 Hydraulic System Aircraft Applications 80

  5.3.1 Boeing 737 Hydraulic System 80

  5.3.2 BAE Systems Hawk Hydraulic System 80

  5.4 Requirements, System Design, Analysis and Sizing 82

  5.4.1 Requirements Definition 82

  5.4.2 Performance Requirements Analysis 83

  5.4.3 Architecture Definitions 86

  5.4.4 System Simulation and Control 88

  5.5 Summary 88

  References 89

  6 Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 90

  6.1 Introduction 90

  6.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 91

  6.2.1 Airworthiness Requirements 92

  6.3 Electrical Power Generation 92

  6.3.1 DC Power Generation 92

  6.3.2 AC Power Generation 94

  6.4 Electrical Power Conversion 98

  6.4.1 AC-to-

  DC

  Conversion Using TRUs 99

  6.4.2 AC-to-

  AC

  Conversion Autotransformers 99

  6.4.3 DC-to-

  AC

  Conversion Using Inverters 99

  6.5 Electrical Power Distribution 100

  6.5.1 Busbar Systems 100

  6.5.2 Circuit Overload Protection 100

  6.5.3 Wires and Cablings 101

  6.5.4 Connectors 102

  6.5.5 Current Return Earthing and Grounding 102

  6.5.6 Electrical Bonding and Static Electricity Discharge 103

  6.6 Electrical Power System Architectures 104

  6.6.1 Typical 28 VDC System 104

  6.6.2 Airbus A320 115 VAC 400 Hz System 105

  6.6.3 Boeing 787 235 VAC System 106

  6.6.4 F-22

  Raptor 270 VDC System 107

  References 107

  7 Flight Control Actuation Systems 108

  7.1 Introduction 108

  7.2 Control Surfaces 109

  7.3 Flight Control Linkage Systems 111

  7.3.1 Push-Pull Control Rod Systems 111

  7.3.2 Cable-and-

  Pulley

  Systems 112

  7.4 Trim Systems 112

  7.5 Feel Systems 113

  7.5.1 Spring Feel 113

  7.5.2 'Q' Feel 113

  7.6 Actuation Systems Using Hydraulic Actuators 114

  7.6.1 Hydraulic Actuation with Mechanical Control 114

  7.6.2 Hydraulic Actuation with Electrical Control 114

  7.6.3 Types of Hydraulic Actuator 115

  7.7 Actuation Systems Using Electro-Hydrostatic

  Actuators 116

  7.8 Actuation Systems Using Electro-Mechanical

  Actuators 117

  7.8.1 EMA Components and Operation 118

  7.8.2 Types of EMA 118

  7.8.3 EMA Advantages and Challenges 119

  7.9 Fly-By-

  Wire

  Systems 120

  7.9.1 A320 FBW Actuation System 120

  7.9.2 A380 FBW Actuation System 121

  7.10 Actuator Design Requirements and Sizing 122

  7.11 Basic Actuator Design Considerations and 'Rules of Thumb' for Sizing 123

  7.12 Summary 125

  Bibliography 126

  8 Aircraft Icing, Ice and Rain Protection Systems 127

  8.1 In…