Ready to master Python? In this updated edition of the prize-winning Python reference, learn to write effective code, whether you're a beginner or a professional programmer. Review core Python concepts, including functions, modularization, and object orientation, and walk through the available data types. Then dive into more advanced topics, such as exception handling, static type checking, and regular expressions. With mountains of code examples throughout, this hands-on reference guide has everything you need to become proficient in Python!

Highlights includes:

1. Functions

2. Methods

3. Attributes

4. Data types

5. GUIs

6. Debugging

7. Network communication

8. Modularization

9. Object orientation

10. Iterators

11)Generators

12)Exception handling

Download and consult practical code examples

Inhalt

1 ... Introduction ... 31

1.1 ... Why Did We Write This Book? ... 31

1.2 ... What Does This Book Provide? ... 32

1.3 ... Structure of the Book ... 32

1.4 ... How Should You Read This Book? ... 33

1.5 ... Sample Programs ... 34

1.6 ... Preface to the Second English Edition (2026) ... 34

1.7 ... Acknowledgments ... 35

2 ... The Python Programming Language ... 37

2.1 ... History and Origin ... 37

2.2 ... Basic Concepts ... 38

2.3 ... Possible Areas of Use and Strengths ... 39

2.4 ... Installing Python ... 40

2.5 ... Installing Third-Party Modules ... 43

2.6 ... Using Python ... 43

PART I ... Getting Started with Python ... 45

3 ... Getting Started with the Interactive Mode ... 47

3.1 ... Integers ... 47

3.2 ... Floats ... 49

3.3 ... Character Strings ... 49

3.4 ... Lists ... 50

3.5 ... Dictionaries ... 51

3.6 ... Variables ... 52

3.7 ... Logical Expressions ... 53

3.8 ... Functions and Methods ... 55

3.9 ... Screen Outputs ... 57

3.10 ... Modules ... 58

4 ... The Path to the First Program ... 61

4.1 ... Typing, Compiling, and Testing ... 61

4.2 ... Basic Structure of a Python Program ... 64

4.3 ... The First Program ... 67

4.4 ... Comments ... 69

4.5 ... In Case of Error ... 70

5 ... Control Structures ... 73

5.1 ... Conditionals ... 73

5.2 ... Loops ... 77

5.3 ... The pass Statement ... 84

5.4 ... Assignment Expressions ... 84

6 ... Files ... 89

6.1 ... Data Streams ... 89

6.2 ... Reading Data from a File ... 90

6.3 ... Writing Data to a File ... 94

6.4 ... Generating the File Object ... 95

7 ... The Data Model ... 101

7.1 ... The Structure of Instances ... 103

7.2 ... Deleting References ... 107

7.3 ... Mutable Versus Immutable Data Types ... 109

8 ... Functions, Methods, and Attributes ... 113

8.1 ... Parameters of Functions and Methods ... 113

8.2 ... Attributes ... 116

9 ... Sources of Information on Python ... 117

9.1 ... The Built-In Help Function ... 117

9.2 ... The Online Documentation ... 118

9.3 ... PEPs ... 118

PART II ... Data Types ... 121

10 ... Basic Data Types: An Overview ... 123

10.1 ... Nothingness: NoneType ... 124

10.2 ... Operators ... 125

11 ... Numeric Data Types ... 129

11.1 ... Arithmetic Operators ... 129

11.2 ... Comparison Operators ... 131

11.3 ... Conversion between Numeric Data Types ... 132

11.4 ... Integers: int ... 133

11.5 ... Floats: float ... 139

11.6 ... Boolean Values: bool ... 142

11.7 ... Complex Numbers: complex ... 147

12 ... Sequential Data Types ... 151

12.1 ... The Difference Between Text and Binary Data ... 151

12.2 ... Operations on Instances of Sequential Data Types ... 152

12.3 ... The list Data Type ... 164

12.4 ... Immutable Lists: tuple ... 177

12.5 ... Strings: str, bytes, bytearray ... 180

13 ... Mappings and Sets ... 217

13.1 ... Dictionary: dict ... 217

13.2 ... Sets: set and frozenset ... 229

14 ... Collections ... 243

14.1 ... Chained Dictionaries ... 243

14.2 ... Counting Frequencies ... 244

14.3 ... Dictionaries with Default Values ... 246

14.4 ... Doubly Linked Lists ... 247

14.5 ... Named Tuples ... 249

15 ... Date and Time ... 251

15.1 ... Elementary Time Functions: time ... 251

15.2 ... Object-Oriented Date Management: datetime ... 259

15.3 ... Time Zones: zoneinfo ... 268

16 ... Enumerations and Flags ... 273

16.1 ... Enumeration Types: enum ... 273

16.2 ... Enumeration Types for Bit Patterns: Flag ... 275

16.3 ... Integer Enumeration Types: IntEnum ... 276

PART III ... Advanced Programming Techniques ... 277

17 ... Functions ... 279

17.1 ... Defining a Function ... 280

17.2 ... Return Values ... 282

17.3 ... Function Objects ... 284

17.4 ... Optional Parameters ... 284

17.5 ... Keyword Arguments ... 285

17.6 ... Arbitrarily Many Parameters ... 286

17.7 ... Keyword-Only Parameters ... 288

17.8 ... Positional-Only Parameters ... 289

17.9 ... Unpacking When Calling a Function ... 290

17.10 ... Side Effects ... 293

17.11 ... Namespaces ... 295

17.12 ... Anonymous Functions ... 301

17.13 ... Recursion ... 302

17.14 ... Built-In Functions ... 303

18 ... Modules and Packages ... 327

18.1 ... Importing Global Modules ... 328

18.2 ... Local Modules ... 330

18.3 ... Packages ... 332

18.4 ... The importlib Package ... 336

18.5 ... Planned Language Elements ... 337

19 ... Object-Oriented Programming ... 339

19.1 ... Example: A Non-Object-Oriented Account ... 339

19.2 ... Classes ... 344

19.3 ... Inheritance ... 349

19.4 ... Multiple Inheritance ... 361

19.5 ... Property Attributes ... 363

19.6 ... Static Methods ... 365

19.7 ... Class Methods ... 367

19.8 ... Class Attributes ... 368

19.9 ... Built-in Functions for Object-Oriented Programming ... 369

19.10 ... Inheriting Built-In Data Types ... 372

19.11 ... Magic Methods and Magic Attributes ... 374

19.12 ... Data Classes ... 393

20 ... Exception Handling ... 399

20.1 ... Exceptions ... 399

20.2 ... Assertions ... 414

20.3 ... Warnings ... 415

20.4 ... Exception Groups ... 416

21 ... Generators and Iterators ... 421

21.1 ... Generators ... 421

21.2 ... Iterators ... 428

21.3 ... Special Generators: itertools ... 437

21.4 ... Generators as Consumers ... 446

22 ... Context Manager ... 453

22.1 ... The with Statement ... 453

22.2 ... Helper Functions for with Contexts: contextlib ... 456

23 ... Decorators ... 461

23.1 ... Function Decorators ... 461

23.2 ... Class Decorators ... 466

23.3 ... The functools Module ... 467

24 ... Annotations for Static Type Checking ... 473

24.1 ... Annotations ... 474

24.2 ... Type Hints: The typing Module ... 481

24.3 ... Static Type Checking in Python: mypy ... 487

25 ... Structural Pattern Matching ... 489

25.1 ... The match Statement ... 489

25.2 ... Pattern Types in the case Statement ... 490

PART IV ... The Standard Library ... 505

26 ... Mathematics ... 507

26.1 ... Mathematical Functions: math, cmath ... 507

26.2 ... Random Number Generator: random ... 513

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