This book is the compilation of papers presented at the International Symposium on in vivo Body Composition Studies, held at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 20 - 23, 1989. The purpose of this conference was to report on advances in techniques for the in vivo measurement of body composition and to present recent data on normal body composition and changes during disease. This conference was the most recent of several meetings on body composition studies, and follows two successful such meetings, one at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1986, and at Edinburgh in 1988. The large number of excellent research papers and posters presented at these conferences demonstrates the rapid growth of the field and the broad interest in the subject of in vivo body composition studies. The proceedings of the Brookhaven meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies", is published by The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, London. Both the Brookhaven and the current Toronto meeting emphasized the clinical applications, together with the techniques employed. The Edinburgh meeting placed more emphasis on the methodological problems and design of instrumentation. Because of the number of papers presented at the meeting it was necessary to ask the authors from the same institution to combine their presentations into a single paper where appropriate. The editors wish to thank the authors for their cooperation and for graciously accepting the minor revisions made to each manuscript.

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I. Body Composition in Children and Infants.- Infant Body Composition Measurements as an Assessment of Nutritional Status.- Body Composition in Cystic Fibrosis.- Body Composition Studies in Cystic Fibrosis and Myelomeningocele.- Body Compartment Changes in Sick Children.- Mineral Status in Preterm Infants as Measured by Single Photon Absorptiometry.- Bioelectrical Impedance Indices in Protein-Energy Malnourished Children as an Indicator of Total Body Water Status.- Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Newborns with Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- Extracellular Water Estimated by the Bromide Dilution Method for Samples of Urine, Saliva, and Plasma.- II. Skeletal Tissue.- Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis and Measurements of Body Composition.- Longitudinal Study of Total Body Calcium Measurements in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlations with Quantitative CT and Single Photon Absorptiometry.- The Relationship Between Spinal Trabecular Bone Mineral Content and Iliac Crest Trabecular Bone Volume.- Clinical Studies on Osteoporosis.- Alterations of Bone Minerals in Uremic Patients and Renal Graft Recipients.- Body Composition Studies In Premenopausal Healthy Women.- Total and Regional Bone Mass in Healthy and Osteoporotic Women.- Evaluation of Methods of Bone Mass Measurement.- Determination of Bone Mineral Content in the Heel Bone by Dual Photon Absorptiometry.- A Facility for the In Vivo Measurement of Ca and P Content in the Human Hand.- Local Body Composition Measurements by NMR.- III. Lean and Fat Tissues.- A Clinical Approach to Body Composition in Wasting.- Mechanism of Reduction of Total Body Potassium In Malnutrition.- Assessment of Body Composition In Anorexic Patients.- The Role of Body Protein Studies in Clinical Trials.- Total Body Nitrogen and Potassium Determination in Patients During Cis-Platin Treatment.- Clinical Studies of Total Body Nitrogen in an Australian Hospital.- Body Composition for the Investigation of Obesity.- Dual Photon Absorptionetry in Obesity: Effects of Massive Weight Loss.- Body Fat and Adipose Tissue Determinations by Coaputed Tomography and by Measurements of Total Body Potassium.- Studies of Soft Tissue Body Composition Using Single and Dual Photon Absorptiometry.- Comparison of Conductivity, Impedance and Density Methods for Body Composition Assessment of Obese Women.- Sleep and Body Composition.- IV. Trace Element Toxicity.- Issues of Lead Toxicity.- Measurements of Trace Elements In Vivo.- The Measurement of Bone Lead Content in Patients with End Stage Renal Failure.- In Vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone.- Distribution of Load in Hunan Bone: I. Atomic Absorption Measurements.- Distribution of Lead in Human Bone: II. Proton Microprobe Measurements.- Distribution of Lead in Human Bone: III. Synchrotron X-Ray Microscope Measurements.- Automated Bone Lead Analysis by K-X-Ray Fluorescence for the Clinical Environment.- Trace Elemental Analysis in Bone Using X-Ray Microscopy.- Further Improvements of XRF Analysis of Cadmium In Vivo.- V. Body Composition Methodology.- Recent Development in the Prompt-Gamma Total Body Nitrogen Measurement Facility of the Toronto General Hospital.- Performance of the Delayed- and Prompt-Gamma Neutron Activation Systems at Brookhaven National Laboratory.- High Precision In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis: A New Era for Compartmental Analysis in Body Composition.- Dual Photon Absorptiometry: Validation of Mineral and Fat Measurements.- Measurement of Body Fat by Neutron Inelastic Scattering: Comments on Installation, Operation and Error Analysis.- Prompt Gamma Measurements of Nitrogen and Chlorine in Normal Volunteers.- Deternination of Total Body Calcium by Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis: Absolute In Vivo Measurements.- Distribution of Body Water in Rats.- Rn-222 and Rn-222 Progeny in the Human Body: Effect on In Vivo K-40 Measurements.- Applications of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A Critical Review.- The Use of Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance in Estimating Body Composition.- Trim: An Electromagnetic Body Composition Analyser.- The Assessment of the Body Composition in the Elderly by Densitometry, Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance.- VI. Recent Developments in Instrumentation.- A Method for In Vivo Determination of Carbon and Oxygen Using Prompt Gamma Radiations Induced by 14.7-MeV Neutrons.- Development of a Total Body Chlorine Analyser Using A Bismuth Germanate Detector System and a 252Cf Neutron Source.- The In Vivo Precision of Broadband Ultrasonic Attenuation.- Feasibility Studies in the In Vivo Measurement of Iron in Synovial Membrane.- In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy.- Body Composition by Dual-Photon Absorptiometry and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.- The Use of Electrical Impedance and Infra-Red Interactance to Determine Non Water Lean Component of Fat Free Mass.- Development of a Technique to Measure Bone Aluminium In Vivo Using a CF-252 Neutron Source.- Author Index.