This book covers the topic of temporal tagging, the detection of temporal expressions and the normalization of their semantics to some standard format. It places a special focus on the challenges and opportunities of domain-sensitive temporal tagging. After providing background knowledge on the concept of time, the book continues with a comprehensive survey of current research on temporal tagging. The authors provide an overview of existing techniques and tools, and highlight key issues that need to be addressed. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and application developers who need to become familiar with the topic and want to know the recent trends, current tools and techniques, as well as different application domains in which temporal information is of utmost importance.

Due to the prevalence of temporal expressions in diverse types of documents and the importance of temporal information in any information space, temporal tagging is an important task in natural language processing (NLP), and applications of several domains can benefit from the output of temporal taggers to provide more meaningful and useful results.

In recent years, temporal tagging has been an active field in NLP and computational linguistics. Several approaches to temporal tagging have been proposed, annotation standards have been developed, gold standard data sets have been created, and research competitions have been organized. Furthermore, some temporal taggers have also been made publicly available so that temporal tagging output is not just exploited in research, but is finding its way into real world applications. In addition, this book particularly focuses on domain-specific temporal tagging of documents. This is a crucial aspect as different types of documents (e.g., news articles, narratives, and colloquial texts) result in diverse challenges for temporal taggers and should be processed in a domain-sensitive manner.

Autorentext

Jannik Strötgen is a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrucken, Germany. He studied computational linguistics and economics at Heidelberg University, Germany and received his Magister Artium in 2009. Between 2009 and 2015, he worked as a research assistant at the Computer Science department in Heidelberg. In March 2015, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, in which he worked on temporal, geographic, and event-centric information extraction and retrieval supervised by Prof. Dr. Michael Gertz. In the context of his thesis, the domain-sensitive and multilingual temporal tagger HeidelTime has been developed. It was made publicly available and is constantly improved.Michael Gertz is a full professor at Heidelberg University where he heads the database systems group at the faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. He received his diploma in Computer Science from the University of Dortmund, Germany, and his Ph.D. from the University of Hanover, Germany, in1996. From 1997 until 2008 he was on the faculty at the University of California at Davis. He currently serves on the editorial board of the ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems, and he is an associate editor of the ACM Journal on Data and Information Quality. His research interests include the management and analysis of temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal data, data mining, text mining, and social network analysis.

Inhalt
List of Figures.- List of Tables.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- Introduction.- The Concept of Time.- Foundations of Temporal Tagging.- Domain-sensitive Temporal Tagging.- Techniques and Tools.- Summary and Future Research Directions.- Bibliography.- Authors' Biographies.- Index.