these. In this book, we appropriate their conception of research-technology, and ex tend it to many other phenomena which are less stable and less localized in time and space than the Zeeman/Cotton situation. In the following pages, we use the concept for instances where research activities are orientated primarily toward technologies which facilitate both the production of scientific knowledge and the production of other goods. In particular, we use the tenn for instances where instruments and meth ods· traverse numerous geographic and institutional boundaries; that is, fields dis tinctly different and distant from the instruments' and methods' initial focus. We suggest that instruments such as the ultra-centrifuge, and the trajectories of the men who devise such artefacts, diverge in an interesting way from other fonns of artefacts and careers in science, metrology and engineering with which students of science and technology are more familiar. The instrument systems developed by re search-technologists strike us as especially general, open-ended, and flexible. When tailored effectively, research-technology instruments potentially fit into many niches and serve a host of unrelated applications. Their multi-functional character distin guishes them from many other devices which are designed to address specific, nar rowly defined problems in a circumscribed arena in and outside of science. Research technology activities link universities, industry, public and private research or me trology establishments, instrument-making finns, consulting companies, the military, and metrological agencies. Research-technology practitioners do not follow the career path of the traditional academic or engineering professional.

Klappentext

This book explores a little-studied arena that exists between science and technology, an arena in which a singular and important variety of open-ended, multi-purpose instrumentation is developed by practitioners (neither scientist nor engineer, call them research-technologists) for use in academia, industry, state metrology and technical services, and considerably beyond. The generic instrumentation designed in this almost subterraneously institutionalized/professionalized, interstitial arena fuels both science and engineering work. This involves intermittent crossings of the boundaries that demarcate and protect the conventional cognitive and artefact cultures familiar to many historians and sociologists. Research-technologists thereby comprise a distinctive (but never distinct) transverse science and technology culture that generates a species of pragmatic universality, which in turn provides multiple and diversified audiences with a common repertory of vocabularies, notational systems, images, and perhaps even paradigms. Research-technology practitioners deliver a lingua franca that contributes to cognitive, material, and social cohesion. Research-technology is about the complementarity between boundary-crossing and the stability/maintenance of boundaries.

Inhalt
1 A Fresh Look at Instrumentation: An Introduction.- Research-Technology.- A Specific Kind of Instrumentation.- The Book.- I Origins of the Research-Technology Community.- 2 From Theodolite to Spectral Apparatus: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Invention of a German Optical Research-Technology.- 3 The Research-Technology Matrix: German Origins, 18601900.- II Interstitial Worlds.- 4 Displacing Radioactivity.- 5 Strange Cooperations: The U.S. Research-Technology Perspective, 19001955.- 6 Mediating Between Plant Science and Plant Breeding: The Role of Research-Technology.- III Purviews of Generic Instruments.- 7 In Search of Space: Fourier Spectroscopy, 19501970.- 8 Putting Isotopes to Work: Liquid Scintillation Counters, 19501970.- 9 Making Mice and Other Devices: The Dynamics of Instrumentation in American Biomedical Research (19301960).- IV Standardized Languages.- 10 From Dynamometers to Simulations: Transforming Brake Testing Technology Into Antilock Braking Systems.- 11 From the Laboratory to the Market: The Metrological Arenas of Research-Technology.- In Conclusion.- 12 Research-Technology in Historical Perspective: An Attempt at Reconstruction.- Bibliography of Selected References.- List of Contributors.- Bibliographical Notes on Contributors.- Author Index.