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Siddhartha is a philosophical novel by Hermann Hesse, first published in 1922 in Germany. It explores the spiritual journey of self-discovery of a man named Siddhartha during the time of the Gautama Buddha (around the 5th to 6th century BCE). Siddhartha, the son of a Brahmin (a Hindu priestly class), is dissatisfied with the teachings and rituals of traditional religion. He seeks deeper spiritual enlightenment and embarks on a journey that takes him through different stages of life: Siddhartha grows up in a religious environment but becomes disillusioned with traditional teachings. He joins a group of ascetic monks (Samanas), practicing self-denial and fasting. Still, he finds no lasting fulfillment. He and his friend Govinda meet Gautama Buddha. Govinda stays with the Buddha, but Siddhartha leaves, believing that enlightenment can't be taught-only experienced. Siddhartha explores worldly pleasures. He meets Kamala, a courtesan who teaches him love, and Kamaswami, a wealthy merchant who teaches him business. He becomes rich but eventually feels spiritually empty. Siddhartha leaves his luxurious life and finds peace by the river with a ferryman named Vasudeva, who teaches him to listen to the river. The river becomes a symbol of life, unity, and timelessness. Through deep listening and reflection, Siddhartha finally attains a state of peace and enlightenment-not through doctrine, but through experience and unity with nature and life. The themes include: The Journey of Self-Discovery Spiritual Enlightenment The Illusion of Duality (suffering vs. joy, rich vs. poor) The Limitations of Doctrine Time and Timelessness Hesse was heavily influenced by Indian philosophy, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The novel became especially popular in the 1960s counterculture movement in the U.S. and Europe due to its emphasis on spiritual growth outside organized religion. About the author Hermann Karl Hesse (2 July 1877 - 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet and novelist, and the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His interest in Eastern religious, spiritual, and philosophical traditions, combined with his involvement with Jungian analysis, helped to shape his literary work. His best-known novels include Demian, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, Narcissus and Goldmund, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individual's search for authenticity, self-knowledge, and spirituality. Hesse was born in 1877 in Calw, a town in Germany's Northern Black Forest. His father was a Baltic German and his grandmother had French-Swiss roots. As a child, he shared a passion for poetry and music with his mother, and was well-read and cultured, due in part to the influence of his polyglot grandfather. As a youth, he studied briefly at a Protestant boarding school, the Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren, where he struggled with bouts of depression and once attempted suicide, which temporarily landed him in a sanatorium. Hesse completed Gymnasium and passed his examinations in 1893, when his formal education ended. An autodidact, Hesse read theological treatises, Greek mythology, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich Schiller, and Friedrich Nietzsche after his formal education concluded. His first works of poetry and prose were being published in the 1890s and early 1900s with his first novel, Peter Camenzind, appearing in 1904. (Wikipedia.org)