A revised guide to the study and of soil and regolith thin sections

A specialized system of terms and concepts must be used to accurately and effectively distinguish and name the microscopic features of soils and regoliths. With a comprehensive, consistent terminology at their disposal, researchers may compare, store and discuss new data easily and with less risk of error. The second edition of Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections has been assembled to address this need, offering a practical system of analysis and description to those working with soil and regolith materials.

This essential resource includes:

• An introduction to micromorphology and its practice
• Guidelines for the study of thin sections
• Sections covering the various microscopic features of soils and regoliths
• Illustrative graphics and colour micrographs
• Suggested description schemes and data presentation tips

By providing an economical, navigable system for the study and documentation of soils and regoliths, Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections, second edition, offers invaluable guidance for soil scientists, geologists, ecologists, archaeologists and all those concerned with micromorphology.

Autorentext

Georges Stoops, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Klappentext

A revised guide to the study and of soil and regolith thin sections A specialized system of terms and concepts must be used to accurately and effectively distinguish and name the microscopic features of soils and regoliths. With a comprehensive, consistent terminology at their disposal, researchers may compare, store and discuss new data easily and with less risk of error. The second edition of Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections has been assembled to address this need, offering a practical system of analysis and description to those working with soil and regolith materials. This essential resource includes:

• An introduction to micromorphology and its practice
• Guidelines for the study of thin sections
• Sections covering the various microscopic features of soils and regoliths
• Illustrative graphics and color micrographs
• Suggested description schemes and data presentation tips By providing an economical, navigable system for the study and documentation of soils and regoliths, Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections, second edition, offers invaluable guidance for soil scientists, geologists, ecologists, archaeologists and all those concerned with micromorphology.

Zusammenfassung
A revised guide to the study and of soil and regolith thin sections A specialized system of terms and concepts must be used to accurately and effectively distinguish and name the microscopic features of soils and regoliths. With a comprehensive, consistent terminology at their disposal, researchers may compare, store and discuss new data easily and with less risk of error. The second edition of Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections has been assembled to address this need, offering a practical system of analysis and description to those working with soil and regolith materials. This essential resource includes: * An introduction to micromorphology and its practice * Guidelines for the study of thin sections * Sections covering the various microscopic features of soils and regoliths * Illustrative graphics and colour micrographs * Suggested description schemes and data presentation tips By providing an economical, navigable system for the study and documentation of soils and regoliths, Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections, second edition, offers invaluable guidance for soil scientists, geologists, ecologists, archaeologists and all those concerned with micromorphology.

Inhalt

About the Second Edition xi

Acknowledgements to the First Edition xiii

List of Abbreviations xv

1. Introduction 1

2. Definitions and Historical Review 5

2.1. What is Soil Micromorphology? 5

2.2. Brief Historical Review 6

2.3. Steps of Micromorphological Analysis 9

2.3.1. Sampling 9

2.3.2. Preparation of Thin Sections 10

2.3.3. Analysis and Description of Thin Sections 10

2.3.4. Interpretation and Reporting 10

3. Aspects and Techniques of Thin Section Studies 11

3.1. From a Two-Dimensional Observation to a Three-Dimensional Reality 11

3.1.1. Introduction 11

3.1.2. Transition from Two to Three Dimensions 11

3.1.3. Wedging Effects 17

3.1.4. Minimal Visible Size and Magnification 17

3.1.5. Holmes Effect 18

3.1.6. Orientation 18

3.1.7. Optical Illusion 18

3.2. Microscopic Techniques for Thin Section Studies 19

3.2.1. Introduction 19

3.2.2. Optical Techniques 19

3.2.2.1. Introduction 19

3.2.2.2. Circular Polarized Light 21

3.2.2.3. Dark-field Illumination 21

3.2.2.4. Oblique Incident Light and Dark Ground Incident Light 23

3.2.2.5. Fluorescence Microscopy 24

3.2.2.5.1. Introduction 24

3.2.2.5.2. Equipment 25

3.2.2.5.3. Application 27

3.2.2.6. Cathodoluminescence 29

3.2.2.6.1. Introduction 29

3.2.2.6.2. Equipment 29

3.2.2.6.3. Sample Preparation 30

3.2.2.6.4. Application 30

3.2.3. Selective Extractions 30

3.2.3.1. Introduction 30

3.2.3.2. Extraction of Carbonates 32

3.2.3.3. Extraction of Iron and Manganese Oxyhydrates 33

3.2.3.4. Bleaching of Humic Substances 33

3.2.4. Staining and Spot Tests 34

3.2.4.1. Introduction 34

3.2.4.2. Differential Staining of Anhydrous Alkali-Earth Carbonates 34

3.2.4.2.1. Introduction 34

3.2.4.2.2. Procedure 34

3.2.4.2.3. Application 35

3.2.4.3. Ferruginous Components 36

3.2.4.4. Manganese Oxides and Hydroxides 36

3.2.4.5. Clay Minerals 36

4. Elements of Fabric 37

4.1. Introduction 37

4.2. Concepts of Fabric 38

4.3. Elements of Fabric 41

4.3.1. Introduction 41

4.3.2. Patterns 42

4.3.2.1. Introduction 42

4.3.2.2. Basic Patterns 42

4.3.2.2.1. Basic Distribution Patterns 43

4.3.2.2.2. Basic Orientation Patterns 43

4.3.2.2.3. Orientation Patterns of Clay Particles 45

4.3.2.3. Referred Patterns 48

4.3.2.3.1. Referred Distribution Pattern 48

4.3.2.3.2. Referred Orientation Patterns 49

4.3.2.4. Related Distribution Patterns 49

4.3.2.4.1. General 49

4.3.2.4.2. The c/f related distribution pattern 52

4.3.3. Size 55

4.3.4. Sorting 57

4.3.5. Abundance 57

4.3.6. Shape 59

4.3.6.1. Introduction 59

4.3.6.2. Equidimensionality 61

4.3.6.3. Degree of Roundness and Sphericity 62

4.3.6.4. Surface Roughness and Smoothness 62

4.3.6.5. Boundary 63

4.3.7. Color 64

4.4. Variability within Partial Fabrics 65

4.5. Concepts Used 65

5. Voids, Aggregates and Microstructure 67

5.1. Introduction 67

5.2. Voids 68

5.2.1. Introduction 68

5.2.2. Types of Voids (Fig. 5.1) 69

5.2.3. Size of Poroids 72

5.2.4. Abundance of Voids 73

5.2.5. Roughness and Smoothness of Void Walls 73

5.2.6. Arrangement of Voids 73

5.2.7. Accommodation of Voids 73

5.2.8. Note 75

5.3. Aggregation 77

5.3.1. Introduction 77

5.3.2. Peds 77

5.3.3. Degree of Ped Separation and of Pedality 79

5.3.4. Size of Peds 80

5.3.5. Accommodation 82

5.3.6. Surface Roughness 82

5.3.7. Internal Fabric 82

5.3.8. Ped Arrangement Patterns 82

5.4. Types of Microstructures 83

5.4.1. Introduction 83

5.4.2. Main Types of Microstructure 83

6. Mineral and Organic Constituents 87

6.1. Introduction 87

6.2. Coarse Mineral Components 87

6.2.1. Introduction 87

6.2.1.1. Importance of its Description 87

6.2.1.2. Subdivision 88

6.2.1.3. Important Properties 88

6.2.1.3.1. Size 88

6.2.1.3.2. Shape 88

6.2.1.3.3. Abundance and Frequency 90

6.2.1.3.4. Alteration 90

6.2.2. Single Mineral Grains 90

6.2.3. C…