I would like to thank all my co-workers who have collaborated with me, from 1963 until now, in biological and clinical research in the field of cancer active immunotherapy, of its immuno prevention and immunorestoration. They will often be quoted in this book. I am particularly grateful to those who have helped me to write it by reviewing some chapters: D. BELPOMME, J. F. DOR~, IRENE FLORENTIN, A. GOUTNER, I. J. Hm, R. HUCHET and MARIE-CHRISTINE SIMMLER. I also thank NICOLE VRIZ, MARIE-CLAUDE SCHNEIDER, FENELLARIsELEY and M. JUVET for their willing and efficient co-operation in the preperation of the manuscript. I am finally grateful to all authors of books or articles who authorized me to reproduce their figures or tables. Paris, April 1976 G. MAT~ Contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Definitions 1 Chapter 2. Biological Basis: Tumour Associated Antigens, the Immune Machinery and Its Behaviour Concerning Cancer Cells 5 2. 1. Tumour-Associated Antigens 5 2. 2. The Immune Machinery 19 2. 2. 1. Humoral Mediated Immunity and Cell Mediated Immunity 19 2. 2. 2. T- and B-Lymphocyte and Monocyte Differen tiation 22 2. 2. 3. T-Lymphocyte Functions 25 2. 2. 4. B-Lymphocyte Functions 30 2. 2. 5. Macrophage Functions 31 2. 2. 6. K-Cell Function 32 2. 3. The Immune Machinery and Cancer Cells 33 2. 3. 1. Mechanisms Involved in Tumour Cell Rejec tion 33 2. 3. 1. 1. In vivo Evidence for Tumour Immunity 33 2. 3. 1. 2.

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1. Introduction and Definitions.- 2. Biological Basis: Tumour Associated Antigens, the Immune Machinery and Its Behaviour Concerning Cancer Cells.- 2.1. Tumour-Associated Antigens.- 2.2. The Immune Machinery.- 2.3. The Immune Machinery and Cancer Cells.- 3. Systemic Active Immunotherapy.- 3.1. Experimental.- 3.2. Clinical.- 4. Cancer Local Active Immunotherapy.- 4.1. Experimental.- 4.2. Clinical.- 5. Towards Immunoprophylaxis.- 5.1. Experimental.- 5.2. Clinical.- 6. Towards Immune Restoration.- 6.1. Immunodeficiency Associated with Cancer, and Cancer Risk in Immunodeficiency Subjects.- 6.2. Attempts at Immunorestoration.- 7. Developmental Pharmacology.- 7.1. Systemic Specific Active Immunotherapy or Immunoprophylaxis.- 7.2. Systemic Non-Specific Active Immunointervention.- 7.3. Local Immunotherapy.- 8. Toxicology and Adverse Effects.- 8.1. Systemic Active Immunotherapy.- 8.2. Local Active Immunotherapy.- 9. Mechanisms of Favourable and Adverse Effects and of Failures.- 9.1. Systemic Immuno-Intervention.- 9.2. Local Immunotherapy.- 10. Conclusion: Immunotherapy and Immunorestoration Today in the Strategy of Cancer Treatment; Their Perspectives and that of Immunoprophylaxis.- 10.1. Evaluation of the Immune Status of the Patient.- 10.2. Attempts at Immunorestoration in Case of Immunodepression.- 10.3. The Patient is an Immunoresponder (Without or After Immunorestoration).- 10.4. Immunoprophylaxis of Cancer.- 11. Appendix: Towards Monitoring the Immunological Status and Its Modification Induced by Immunotherapy, Immunorestoration or Immunoprophylaxis.- 11.1. Exploration of General Responses.- 11.2. Attempts at Evaluating Responses to Tumour-Associated Antigens.