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Enrique Saldivar-Guerra, PhD, is Senior Researcher at the Center for Research in Applied Chemistry in Mexico. Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, PhD, is Full Professor at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, external academic member of the Institute for Polymer Research at the University of Waterloo, and Associate Editor of The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering.

Klappentext

An expert discussion of the basic science and production chain in the polymer industry In this 2-volume set of Polymer Science, Engineering, and Sustainability: From Fundamentals to Applications in Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive discussion of polymer chemistry and industrial production. The first volume covers polymer chemistry and engineering, as well as industrial polymer production. The second volume stresses physico-chemical, mechanical and advanced characterization techniques, polymer processing principles and transformation processes, advanced applications, and sustainability and recycling principles and processes. Each volume features useful case studies, as well as sections focused on sustainability that covers renewable and biobased polymers and polymer recycling. They also emphasize sustainable practices guided by twelve principles of green chemistry. Readers will also find:

• A thorough introduction to polymer chemistry and industrial polymer production
• Comprehensive explorations of physico-chemical characterization techniques
• Practical discussions of mechanical and advanced characterization techniques and polymer processing principles and transformation processes

• Complete treatments of sustainability and recycling principles and processes Perfect for polymer scientists and engineers in industry, Polymer Science, Engineering, and Sustainability, 2 Volume Set will also benefit chemical engineers, materials scientists, and postgraduate students in polymer engineering or production programs.

  Inhalt

  About the Editors xxiii

  List of Contributors xxv

  Preface xxix

  Acknowledgments xxxi

  Volume 1

  1 Introduction to Polymers and Polymer Types 1

  Enrique Saldívar-Guerra and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima

  1.1 Introduction to Polymers 1

  1.1.1 Basic Concepts 1

  1.1.2 History 2

  1.1.3 Mechanical and Rheological Properties 2

  1.1.3.1 Mechanical Properties 2

  1.1.3.2 Rheological Properties 3

  1.1.4 Polymer States 4

  1.1.5 Molecular Weight 4

  1.1.5.1 Moments of the Molar Mass Distribution 6

  1.1.6 Main Types and Uses 8

  1.2 Classification of Polymers 9

  1.2.1 Classification Based on Structure 9

  1.2.2 Classification Based on Mechanism 10

  1.2.2.1 Step-Growth Polymerization (SGP) 10

  1.2.2.2 Chain or Chain-growth Polymerization (CP) 10

  1.2.3 Classification by Chain Topology 11

  1.2.4 Other Classification Criteria 14

  1.2.4.1 Homo and Copolymers 14

  1.2.4.2 Origin 14

  1.2.4.3 Biodegradability and Sustainability 14

  1.2.4.4 Production Volume 15

  1.3 Nomenclature 15

  1.3.1 Conventional Nomenclature 15

  1.3.2 IUPAC Structure-based Nomenclature 16

  1.3.3 Trade, Common Names, and Abbreviations 16

  1.4 Further Reading 16

  Acknowledgments 17

  References 17

  2 Polycondensation 19

  Luis Ernesto Elizalde, Gladys de losSantos, Rita del Rosario Sulub-Sulub, and Manuel Aguilar-Vega

  2.1 Introduction 19

  2.1.1 General Principles 19

  2.1.2 Number-Average Degree of Polymerization 21

  2.1.3 Molecular Weight Distribution 23

  2.1.4 Polymers Obtained by Polycondensation Polymerization 24

  2.2 Polycondensation Kinetics 27

  2.3 Polyamides 28

  2.3.1 Polyamidation 28

  2.3.2 Aromatic Polyamides 30

  2.4 Polyimides 30

  2.5 Polyesters 32

  2.5.1 Polyesters from Diols 32

  2.5.2 Polyethers 34

  2.5.3 Polyurethanes 35

  2.5.4 Polyureas 35

  2.5.5 Polycarbonates 36

  2.5.6 Polysulfones 37

  2.5.7 Polybenzimidazole 37

  2.5.8 Depolymerization and Recycling 39

  2.6 Inorganic Condensation Polymers 41

  2.6.1 Polysiloxanes 41

  2.6.2 Polysilanes 42

  2.6.3 Polyphosphazenes 43

  2.7 Dendrimers 44

  2.8 Thermoset Polycondensation Polymers 45

  2.8.1 Polyester Resins 45

  2.8.2 Epoxy Resins 45

  2.8.3 Alkyd Resins 47

  2.8.4 Phenolic Resins 47

  2.8.5 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins 47

  2.9 Bio-based Step-Growth Polymers 48

  2.10 Bio-based Polycondensation Polymers 50

  2.10.1 Dicarboxylic Acids and Diols 52

  2.10.2 Hydroxy Acids and Hydroxyl Esters 52

  2.10.3 Amino Acids and Lactams 52

  2.10.4 Diamines 52

  2.11 Controlled Molecular Weight Condensation Polymers 53

  2.11.1 Solid Phase Synthesis 54

  2.11.2 Use of Macromonomers in Condensation Reactions 54

  References 57

  3 Free-Radical Polymerization 65

  Ramiro Guerrero-Santos, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Iván Zapata-González, José Bonilla-Cruz, and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima

  3.1 Introduction 65

  3.2 Basic Mechanism 66

  3.2.1 Chemical Initiation 67

  3.2.2 Propagation 68

  3.2.3 Termination 69

  3.3 Other Free Radical Reactions 70

  3.3.1 Chain Transfer to Small Species 70

  3.3.2 Chain Transfer to Monomer 71

  3.3.3 Chain Transfer to Initiator 71

  3.3.4 Chain Transfer to Solvent and Chain Transfer Agents 71

  3.3.5 Chain Transfer to Impurities 72

  3.3.6 Chain Transfer to Polymer 72

  3.3.7 Backbiting 74

  3.3.8 Reactions to Internal and Terminal Double Bonds and Crosslinking 75

  3.3.9 Inhibition 76

  3.4 Kinetics and Polymerization Rate 77

  3.4.1 Diffusion-Controlled (DC) Effects 79

  3.5 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 83

  3.5.1 Full Molecular Weight Distribution 84

  3.6 Experimental Determination of Rate Constants 86

  3.7 Thermodynamics of Polymerization 86

  Acknowledgment 89

  References 89

  4 Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) 97

  Graeme Moad, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, Michael F. Cunningham, Robin A. Hutchinson, Connor Sanders, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, and Alexander Penlidis

  4.1 Introduction to RDRP 97

  4.1.1 Terminology for RDRP 97

  4.1.1.1 RDRP with Unimolecular Activation - Stable radical-mediated Polymerization 97

  4.1.1.2 RDRP with Bimolecular Activation - Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization 98

  4.1.1.3 RDRP with Activation by Degenerative Chain Transfer - Degenerative Chain-Transfer Radical Polymerization 100

  4.1.1.4 Multiple Mechanism RDRP 100

  4.2 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP) 102

  4.2.1 Historical Background 102

  4.2.2 Polymer Chemistry of NMP 102

  4.2.2.1 Mechanistic Aspects and Chemical Routes 102

  4.2.2.2 Nitroxides Most Commonly Used 103

  4.2.2.3 Structure Control and Macromolecular Architectures 106

  4.2.3 A Polymer Reaction Engineering (PRE) View of NMP 107

  4.2.3.1 Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling 107

  4.2.3.2 Dispersed-Phase Polymerizations 109

  4.2.3.3 NMP in scCO2 109

  4.2.3.4 Continuous NMP 109

  4.2.4 Applications and Perspectives 109

  4.2.5 Closing Remarks 110

  4.3 Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) 111

  4.3.1 Normal ATRP 111

  4.3.2 ATRP Variants 113

  4.3.3 Future Outlook 115

  4.4 Reversible-Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization (RAFT) 115

  4.4.1 RAFT Mechanism 116

  4.4.2 Monomers in RAFT Polymerization 117

  4.4.3 Initiation and Termination in RAFT Polymerization 117

  4.4.4 RAFT Agents 118

  4.4.4.1 Z Group Selection 120

  4.4.4.2 R Group Selection 121

  4.4.4.3 Other Considerations in RAFT Agent Selection 122

  4.4.5 Sequence-defined Oligomers 122

  4.4.6 (Multi)Block Copolymer Synthesis 122

  4.4.7 Star Synthesis 124

  4.5 Other RDRP Systems 125

  4.5.1 Degenerative Transfer Controlled Radical Polymerization Mediated by Organotellurium (TERP) 125

  4.5.2 Degenerative Transfer RDRP Mediated by Organostibine (SBRP) and Organobismuthine (BIRP) 126

  4.5.3 Iodine Transfer Polymerization (ITP) and Variants 127

  4.5.4 Reversible Chain-Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization (RTCP) 127

  4.5.5 Organometallic Mediated Radical Polymerization 128

  4.6 RDRP in Aqueous Dispersions 129

  4.6.1 Introduction 129

  4.6.2 Nitroxide-mediated Polymerization (NMP) …