Focusing on snow, ice and glaciers, this encyclopedia provides an up-to-date resource of basic concepts and relevant topics. Research and teaching materials are included, in addition to specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists and hydrologists.

The Earth's cryosphere includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river ice, lake ice and frozen ground. It also contains seventy-five percent of the world's fresh water. Because it plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system, and because it provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, it is crucial that we understand its complex dynamics. This reference not only focuses on various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers; it also covers other cryospheric branches, offering the latest information and basic concepts on all relevant fields. The array of topics it covers is as vast and comprehensive as the audience it's intended to serve, everyone from geologists and geographers to climatologists and hydrologists as well as a broad spectrum of civil, agricultural and environmental engineers.

Up-to-date information Extensive source of literature Comprehensive coverage Research and teaching material Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Autorentext

Vijay P. Singh holds the Caroline and W. N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering, and is also a Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering at Texas A & M University. He has authored 16 text and reference books, edited 49 books, authored 72 book chapters, and published more than 550 refereed journal articles, 320 conference proceedings papers and 70 technical reports. He is EditorinChief of the Water Science and Technology Book Series of Springer, the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, and Water Science and Engineering. He has received more than 60 national and international awards and numerous honors, including the ASCE's Arid Lands Hydraulic Engineering Award; Distinguished Research Master Award from Louisiana State University; ASCE's Ven Te Chow Award; AIH's Ray K. Linsley Award; Hon. Ph.D. from University of Basilicata, Italy; Hon. D. Eng. from University of Waterloo, Canada; Hon. Member, American Water Resources Association; and Hon. Diplomate from American Academy of Water Resources Engineers. He is a fellow of ASCE, AWRA, IE, IAH, ISAE, and IWRS. He is a member/fellow of 10 international science and engineering academies. His research interests include surface and groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, irrigation engineering, and mathematical and stochastic modeling.

Pratap Singh has over 30 years experience in snow and glacier hydrology with an emphasis on modeling of snow and glacier melt runoff. He developed a snow melt model (SNOWMOD), which has been applied for streamflow simulation for snow- and glacier-fed rivers. He has published over 100 technical papers in international/national journals and co-authored with Professor V.P. Singh a book on Snow and Glacier Hydrology, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers , The Netherlands. He is Associate Editor for the Hydrological Sciences Journal, Wallingford, UK.

Umesh K. Haritashya is afaculty member in the Department of Geology at the University of Dayton, where he teaches courses in glacial geology, geomorphology and remote sensing. He has extensive experience of working on many mountain regions around the world. His research interests include debris cover glacier characterization, glacier dynamics, contribution of glaciers to sea level rise, impact of climate change on mountain glaciers, and glacier hydrology. He is also associated with NASA's GLIMS project and is an editorial board member of the Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, the Open Hydrology Journal, and Himalayan Geology.

Klappentext

The earth's cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers and ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and frozen ground, contains about 75% of the earth's fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of the complex dynamics.

This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides an up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change.

This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help better understand snow, ice and glaciers. This will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as to those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.

Inhalt
Ablation Depression.-Ablatometer.-Acidity of Glacier Ice.-Active Ice Wedge.-Adfreeze.-Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring.-Alaskan Glaciers.-Albedo.-Alps.-Altai-Sayan Glaciers.-Anabatic Winds: In Relation with Snow/Glacier Basin.-Anchor Ice.-Andean Glaciers.-Anisotropic Ice Flow.-Antarctica.-Anti-Icing.-Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge.-Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada.-Arctic Hydroclimatology.-Artificial Ground Freezing.-Artificial Production of Snow.-Atmosphere-Snow/Ice Interactions.-Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records.-Automated Glacier Mapping.-Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems.-Base Flow/Groundwater Flow.-Bed (Bottom) Topography.-Bed Forms (Fluvial).-Bed Roughness.-Bed Strength.-Benchmark Glacier.-Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice.-Blue Ice.-Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf).-Brash Ice.-Calving Glaciers.-Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains of Canada.-Cascade Mountains, USA.-Cascade System.-Catastrophic Flooding.-Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Mountain Glaciers.-Catchment Glacier.-Caucasus Mountains.-Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Regions with Special Reference to Himalayan Basins.-Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and Ice.-Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice.-Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes.-Cirque Glaciers.-Temperature and Precipitation.-Cloudburst.-Cohesion.-Cold-Based Glaciers.-Condensation Nuclei.-Confluence of Rivers.-Congelation Ice.-Crack.-Creep.-Crevasses.-Critical Temperature.-Crush.-Crust.-Cryoconite.-Cryodessication.-Cryofront.-Cryogenesis.-Cryogenic Aquiclude.-Cryogenic Fabric.-Cryolithology.-Cryopeg.-Cryosol.-Cryostatic Pressure.-Cryostructure.-Cryoturbation.-Dating Glacial Landforms.-Dead Ice.-Debris.-Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on Ice Ablation.-Debris-Covered Glaciers.-Deglaciation.-Degree-Days.-Depletion of Snow Cover.-Deposition from Debris-Rich Ice.-Digital Elevation Model Generation over Glacierized Region.-Digital Image Information Extraction Techniques for Snow Cover Mapping from Remote Sensing Data.-Direct Surface Runoff…