Over the past decade the world has seen the rise of the fascinating and diverse field currently recognized as nanotechnology. This book covers a broad spectrum of topics within nanotechnology, including synthesis techniques, various innovative characterization techniques, growth mechanisms of nanomaterials, the physics and chemistry of nanomaterials, diverse functionalization methods, and the various applications of nanomaterials in biology, therapeutics, energy, food science, and environmental science. It also discusses applications of nanostructured materials, integrative applications such as nano- and micro-electronic sensor devices, as well as agricultural and environmental remediation applications. The book also includes a discussion of advances in functionalized nanomaterials (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) and covers the early stages of the development of functionalized nanostructures, considering the future for 2D nanomaterials and 3D objects. Additionally, it includes a chapter on nanomaterial research development that highlights work on the life-cycle analysis of nanostructured materials and toxicity aspects. This book proves useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of nanomaterials and green technology, as well as in the field of nanotechnology. It should be useful to students and specialized researchers in a number of disciplines ranging from biology, chemistry, and materials science to engineering and manufacturing in both academia and industry.

Compiles research results from leading authorities on combinatorial nanomaterials Enriches understanding of various nanomaterial applications Covers early stages of development of functionalized nanostructures

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Dr. Anand Krishnan, PrChemSA, MRSC, has expertise in organic chemistry/medical biochemistry/ integrative medicine/nano(bio)technology/drug discovery. He received his doctoral degree in organic chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, in collaboration with the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, in 2014. He completed his master's degree in organic chemistry from Bharathiar University, India, and bachelor's degree in chemistry from Madurai Kamaraj University, India. He was Postdoctoral Researcher at Durban University of Technology, South Africa, from November 2014 to November 2016. Later, He worked as a Senior Researcher at Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa from January 2017 to June 2019. Recently, he received prestigious Innovation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa and conducting research at the Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. He has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored many chapters as well as review articles. He was recognized for his contributions and received awards from national and international organizations. He has been awarded Best Postdoctoral Researcher Award for 2016 and 2017 from Durban University of Technology and Young Scientist Researcher Award 2016 from Pearl Foundation.

He was evaluated by the National Research Foundation and was awarded a Y1 rating which is given to promising young researchers. He is Member of various editorial boards of the journals of the international reputation. His research interests include organic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, medicinal biochemistry, drug discovery and delivery, extracellular vesicles, nanotoxicology, clinical biochemistry and chemical pathology.

Dr. B. Ravindran, Ph.D is an Assistant Professor in Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea. He obtained his doctorate from the Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), which is an affiliated with the University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. His primary research focuses on the development and evaluation of treatment technologies for solid waste and wastewater from domestic and industrial outlets through aerobic and anaerobic fermentatione; Composting/vermicomposting of fermented metabolites / solid waste/ nanotechnology applications and phytotoxic/plant growth studies. He has also developed an improved process technology for the fast production of nutrient-rich vermicompost from different waste sources using the different type of earthworms. He also collaborates and developed a process for the separation of enzymes from the aqueous phase using surface modified mesoporous activated carbon. Besides, he filed patents based on the above novel process. His current research focus on the "Biochar/Black carbon amendment and the strategies for carbon sequestration; nitrogen conservation; reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from compost and vermicompost production systems while degrading the different waste and animal manures. He has more than 100 publications in international peer reviewed journals., edited books and published a notable book chapters and three patents to his credit. He has received national and international funds for his research project. He is serving as Guest Editor in several international journals and act as a potential reviewer in top international journals, and received Outstanding reviewer award from Elsevier and Springer Journals. He has also received prestigious Best Researcher- IBET 2017 award (in waste management research) for Exceptional Performance and Contributions to 'International Bioenergy technology/eco-protection/organic food/green businesses given by the International Centre for Biogas & Bioenergy Technology, India.

Dr. B. Balamuralikrishnan, Ph.D . is an Assistant Professor in Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea. His area of research focuses multidisciplinary in biological science on Molecular Genetics, Food Microbiology, Animal Science, Nutrition Science and Food Biotechnology, especially Food Resources and Microbiological Science. His interests include synthesis of nanomaterials/bioactive compounds from natural-by products and their applications nutraceutical; isolation, and characterization of probiotic for food/feed supplementation and biological field; interested in Nutrition in Aquaculture. To, his credit, he has participated in various International/symposia/conferences in USA, Canada, Japan, Austria, Italy, Czech Republic, Thailand, South Korea and has published more than seventy-five research papers in international journal of repute. He has been serving as Guest Editor in Animals [MDPI] and act as potential reviewer in many high reputed journals. He has been acted Life Member in various scientific societies such as The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology, Poultry Science Association, Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology, Animal Nutrition Society of India (ANSI). Dr. B. Balamuralikrishnan, worked as post-doctoral researcher in Department of Animal Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.

Hendrik C Swart is an internationally acclaimed researchers and currently a senior professor in the Department of Physics at the University of the Free State. He brought luminescence materials to South Africa in the beginning of 1996 after a highly productive sabbatical spendin the lab of Paul Holloway, Florida University, Gainesville. This laid the foundation for his subsequent research at the UFS and was one of the most exhilarating times of his academic career. Since than he has led research in the area of the degradation of phosphors for field emission displays, …