The development of surface physics and surface chemistry as a science is closely related to the technical development of a number of methods involving electrons either as an excitation source or as an emitted particle carrying characteristic information. Many of these various kinds of electron spectroscopies have become commercially available and have made their way into industrial laboratories. Others are still in an early stage, but may become of increasing importance in the future. In this book an assessment of the various merits and possible drawbacks of the most frequently used electron spectroscopies is attempted. Emphasis is put on prac tical examples and experimental design rather than on theoretical considerations. The book addresses itself to the reader who wishes to know which electron spectroscopy or which combination of different electron spectroscopies he may choose for the particular problems under investigation. After a brief introduction the practical design of electron spectrometers and their figures of merit important for the different applications are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with electron excited electron spectroscopies which are used for the elemental analysis of surfaces. Structure analysis by electron diffrac tion is described in Chapter 4 with special emphasis on the use of electron diffrac tion for the investigation of surface imperfections. For the application of electron diffraction to surface crystallography in general, the reader is referred to Volume 4 of "Topics in Applied Physics".

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Electron Spectroscopy and Its Importance in Surface Science.- 1.2 The Information Depth.- 1.3 Electron Spectroscopies.- References.- 2. Design of Electron Spectrometers for Surface Analysis.- 2.1 Specific Requirements of the Various Electron Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis.- 2.2 General Principles and Characteristics of Electron Spectrometers.- 2.3 Design Principles of Electron Spectrometers.- 2.4 Description of the Electron Spectrometers and the Methods of Energy Analysis for Surface Studies.- 2.5 Comparison of Electron Spectrometers.- 2.6 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms.- References.- 3. Electron-Excited Core Level Spectroscopies.- 3.1 Basic Processes.- 3.2 Threshold Spectroscopies.- 3.3 Ionization Loss Spectroscopy (ILS).- 3.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES).- 3.5 Comparisons.- References.- 4. Electron Diffraction and Surface Defect Structure.- 4.1 Principles of Defect Detection by Electron Diffraction.- 4.2 Point Defects.- 4.3 Atomic Steps.- 4.4 Domains and Facets.- 4.5 The Interpretation of a LEED Pattern.- References.- 5. Photoemission Spectroscopy.- 5.1 Principles of Photoemission.- 5.2 Instrumentation.- 5.3 Theoretical and Practical Aspects.- 5.4 Measurement Methods.- References.- 6. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy.- 6.1 Definition of ELS.- 6.2 Theory of Inelastic Scattering.- 6.3 Experimental Studies of Surface Vibrations (Clean Surfaces).- 6.4 Vibrational Modes on Gas-Covered Surfaces.- 6.5 Experimental Studies of Electronic Transitions.- 6.6 Conclusion.- References.