Sleeping Beauties

Autorentext

David Byrne

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**An Instant New York Times Bestseller

"Byrne guides us on a captivating quest to understand how we come to remember forgotten ideas, inventions and technologies . . . Sleeping Beauties belongs on the bookshelf of anyone who cares about creativity or culture." —Adam Grant, The New York Times Book Review

From incomparable creative force David Byrne, a brilliant and inspiring reckoning with how breakthroughs across the arts and sciences get forgotten, and how they get rediscovered**

It’s nice to believe in a meritocracy of ideas—genius is always recognized, innovation always seized upon and rewarded. In fact, so many of the people we now acknowledge as the world’s great creators initially got little traction for their work. It faded out, and only later—often much later—did it somehow came roaring back to life.

Discoveries as diverse as dark matter, lichen, and continental drift . . . technologies from solar panels to the steam engine . . . artists from Bach to Bruegel, Vermeer to Melville . . . all, David Byrne shows us, were sleeping beauties. Why did they fall asleep? How did they wake back up? Ranging across centuries and the full scope of human endeavor, Byrne arrives at important conclusions that serve as a lens for bringing to light new seeds for our future breakthroughs.

Sleeping Beauties is a master class in how not to be blind to the next great thing. Several times throughout history, the shock of the new landed like a blow on vested interests and entrenched views, putting innovation on hold. Suppression emerged from pushback, the absence of key supporters, or simply a lack of complementary economic conditions.

But more important even than why ideas go dormant is why they reawaken. Again and again, Byrne shows, someone from a different discipline breaks into the silo. Frequently it’s someone open to metaphorical thinking, to the counterintuitive. Hierarchies and taxonomies have their place, but they can reward insiders and punish outsiders. Oftentimes, it is the winds of change that blow away the sand that has buried momentous ideas.

Sleeping Beauties is humbling but it is also remarkably hopeful. These stories add up to a compass that leads us to the courage to try new things and the wisdom to embrace them. In a time that can seem all too dark, it’s a powerful source of freely available light, delightful in itself and fit for all our human endeavors.

Leseprobe
ADVOCATES AND CHAMPIONS
Can One Person Make a Difference?

VERMEER!
191 Years

Sleeping beauties are often awakened by individuals who advocate and champion the work or ideas. Some advocates are professionals who clearly stand to benefit from resurrecting forgotten work in their field. But just because they stand to gain something for themselves doesn’t mean they don’t perform an amazing service.

You’ve probably seen a photo of this painting, Girl with a Pearl Earring. Maybe you’ve seen the real painting. There are posters of it, postcards of it, advertisements that play on it, a novel by Tracy Chevalier with the same title as the painting and a movie adaptation in which Scarlett Johansson plays the girl. The girl in the painting looks like a real person who could be around today; she lives in upstate New York, she has a very popular restaurant. The painter has captured both her and her relationship with us, the viewer: She is looking right at us.

The painting is by Johannes Vermeer, who had some success in his lifetime, but died in 1675 penniless. A little while after that his work fell into obscurity for almost two centuries. This guy! Now he’s one of the most celebrated painters who ever lived. In November 1995, in Washington, DC, people lined up for twelve hours in the cold to view an exhibition of his work. A 2023 show at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam sold out its entire run. It’s hard to believe that someone now so revered could have been forgotten.

When Vermeer was alive and working in the mid- 1600s, he was doing pretty well. He was a successful painter around his home city of Delft, well respected by his peers, twice voted to head the local painters guild. His technical knowledge was respected too— he was called as an expert witness when some Italian paintings were thought to be forgeries. He didn’t paint a vast number of paintings: Scholars disagree over the exact number of works that we can attribute to him with certainty, but most counts range from thirty-four to thirty-seven. Still, his work reportedly sold pretty well during his lifetime, and he even had a local patron who bought twenty- one of his paintings, roughly half of everything he ever painted. (For many years, it was thought that this patron was one Pieter van Ruijven, a local bigwig, but more recently, historians discovered that it was actually van Ruijven’s wife, Maria Simonsdr de Knuijt, who took an interest in Vermeer’s work.) Unlike van Gogh, who sold only one painting (as far as we know) in his lifetime, Vermeer did pretty well for much of his life. I will say, I’m a little mystified how anyone who painted mostly small paintings could make a living having painted only a few dozen of them in total. How is that possible? Rembrandt, in contrast, made 137 that we know of— and many of those were quite large.

There’s evidence that the local business community liked him too. In 1667, a poem was published to commemorate the untimely death of a favorite local painter, Carel Fabritius (who studied under Rembrandt and probably influenced Vermeer). The poem concluded by thanking God that a painter had been discovered who could take Fabritius’s place: Vermeer.

But about twenty years after his death in 1675, this beauty was already going to sleep. Right after Vermeer died, a local baker was given paintings from his family to pay off their bread debt—the baker did say he’d give them back if the six-guilder debt were paid, but that wasn’t very likely: The family was broke. At an auction in 1696, his View of Delft went for up to two hundred guilders—though even that is considered low. one paintings were sold at this Amsterdam auction. His decline in popularity continued. In 1881, at another auction, the famous Pearl Earring painting went for two guilders. If you had a time machine, you could have gone back and gotten one of the most famous paintings in the world for almost nothing.

Politics and Misinformation

There doesn’t seem to be a single factor that caused Vermeer to be more or less forgotten but a number of them that all occurred together. The evil fairy in this case was a perfect storm of economics, politics, and plain bad luck. A series of wars in Europe that broke out in the second half of the seventeenth century disrupted the trade and thus the buying power of the successful Dutch merchants.

There was misinformation as well. In this period, art dealers and contemporary historians created a lot of confusion regarding the authenticity of the work of Dutch artists. Arnold Houbraken wrote a guide to Dutch painters that was published from 1718 to 1721, just forty- odd years after Vermeer’s death, called The Great Theater of Netherlandish Painters and Paintresses, in which he omitted Vermeer entirely. Misattributions proliferated— journalist Cynthia Saltzman writes in her book Old Masters, New World that Vermeer’s Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window was at one point attributed to Rembrandt. Vermeer’s The Music Lesson was attributed to Frans van Mieris, and his The Art of Painting was credited to Pieter de Hooch. Vermeer was by now less well known than these other (many unknown to me) painters in Houbraken’s book, so theirs were …