Presented with the Award of the Senate of the University of Bucharest for the most prestigious book in the field of Life and Earth Sciences, 2022-2023.This book aims to highlight the particular situation faced by certain hydropower companies by the fact that they cannot fulfil their contracts due to force majeure. The first part of this book will be an analysis of how water is used in electricity production. It is important to point out that all types of energy sources use water, to a different extent, of course, and that its spatial and temporal availability is very important. The focus will be on hydropower, presenting the current situation at the global level, and the effect of reducing the amounts of water in the river system.The second part is based on the presentation of the concept of force majeure and the ways of presenting and drafting it in a contract. Many disputes or the success of a contract depended heavily on the provisions of this article of the contract. Obviously, there are also situations in which the signatory parties abuse or are not protected by these provisions of force majeure. Starting from a few brief examples from the international level, we reach a wide discussion of the situation created in Romania, when the largest supplier of electricity produced on the basis of water terminates several contracts invoking force majeure. The manner in which the opinion of the parties involved is presented to the court is analyzed and presented in detail.

Presents up-to-date information on the concept of Force Majeure Insights into the evolution of water resources climate change and societal needs International case studies and examples of Force Majeure invocation

Autorentext

Martina Zele áková is associated professor in the field of environmental engineering at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Koice, Slovakia. In the framework of her scientific-research activities she has focused on solution of water management problems, rainwater management, environmental impacts assessment and separately on the assessment of environmental risks in river basins in relation to flood events, drought and water pollution. The results of her scientific-research work have been published in national and international journals, scientific conference proceedings, proceedings of national and international conferences. She is author, editor, co-author and co-editor of educational textbooks and monographs, she has cooperated in solving of national and international projects, as the principal investigator or partner. Lenka Gäová graduated master degree and PhD degree in the field of environmental engineering at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Koice, Slovakia. Her scientific work as well as her thesis was devoted to flood risk assessment and flood risk management. She was participating in a project implementation regarding the flood protection and she published the results of her research in scientific proceedings of national and international conferences. Daniel Constantin Diaconu works as assistant professor at the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology at University of Bucharest, Romania. He does research in hydrology focusing on flood protection, environmental sciences and integrated water resources management. He is an expert in bathymetry and limnology. The results of his scientific work have been published in journals and conference proceedings. He is participating in scientific projects mainly within Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management (CAIMT)within the University of Bucharest.

Inhalt
Chapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 Water for energy versus energy for water.- Chapter 3. Energy sectors that use water.- Chapter 4. The context of the development of the World hydropower sector.- Chapter 5. The impact of drought on the hydropower domain.- Chapter 6. Force majeure.- Chapter 7. Sample contractual provisions, which must be contained in a force majeure contract.- Chapter 8. Concrete cases of invocation of force majeure.- Chapter 9. Romania, in a European energy context.- Chapter 10. Settlement of the dispute, in case the force majeure clause is invoked by Hidroelectrica SA.- Chapter 11. Electricity, systemic crises and environmental policies.