Value change and uncertainty about the validity of traditional moral convictions are frequently observed when scientific re search confronts us with new moral problems or challenges the moral responsibility of the scientist. Which ethics is to be relied on? Which principles are the most reasonable, the most humane ones? For want of an appropriate answer, moral authorities of ten point to conscience, the individual conscience, which seems to be man's unique, directly accessible and final source of moral contention. But what is meant by 'conscience'? There is hardly a notion as widely used and at the same time as controversial as that of conscience. In the history of ethics we can distinguish several trends in the interpretation of the concept and function of conscience. The Greeks used the word O"uvEt81lm~ to denote a kind of 'accompa nying knowledge' that mostly referred to negatively experienced behavior. In Latin, the expression conscientia meant a knowing together pointing beyond the individual consciousness to the common knowledge of other people. In the Bible, especially in the New Testament, O"uvEt81l0"t~ is used for the guiding con sciousness of the morality of one's own action.

Autorentext
Paul Weingartner, Ph.D. 1961 (Philosophy/Physics) Univ. of Innsbruck, Prof. of Philosophy 1971- (em.1999) Univ. of Salzburg and Institut fuer Wissenschaftstheorie. Honory Doctorate 1995 Marie Curie Univ. Lublin, Member of the New York Academy of Sciences. 10 books, 36 books edited, 150 articles. Guest professorships and guest lectures at more than 100 universities. Paul Weingartner is one of the most distinguished philosophers and logicians in German language countries. He has published many books and articles in the domains of philosophy of sciences, logic, ethics and philosophy of religion.

Zusammenfassung
`This book presents an excellent overview of theoretical and empirical issues in the investigation of conscience. ... a rich source of integrative modern thinking. I would like to recommend this book to students and scholars in philosophy, education, social and comparison of the important notions of human sciences, and to all those who are concerned about the responsibility of mankind in the face of political and ecological trends endangering this world of ours.'
Prof. Dr. Fritz Oser, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Inhalt
1 / Conscience: Foundational Aspects.- Conscience as Principled Responsibility: On the Philosophy of Stage Six.- Discussion.- The Phenomenon of Conscience: Subject-Orientation and Object-Orientation.- Discussion.- 2 / Conscience: Social and Educational Aspects.- Value-Neutrality, Conscience, and the Social Sciences.- Discussion.- Moral Competence and Education in Democratic Society.- Discussion.- The Idea of Conscience in High School Students. Development of Judgments of Responsibility in Democratic Just Community Programs.- Discussion.- 3 / Conscience: Special Topics.- Conscience in Conflict?.- Discussion.- Aquinas' Theory of Conscience from a Logical Point of View.- Discussion.- The Ambivalent Relationship of Law and Freedom of Conscience: Intensification and Relaxation of Conscience Through the Legal System.- Discussion.- Psychoanalysis and Ethics.- Discussion.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.