The Progress in Medical Radiation Physics series presents in-depth reviews of many of the significant developments resulting from the application of physics to medicine. This series is intended to span the gap between research papers published in scientific journals, which tend to lack details, and complete textbooks or theses, which are usually far more detailed than necessary to provide a working knowledge of the subject. Each chapter in this series is designed to provide just enough information to enable readers to both fully understand the development described and apply the technique or concept, if they so desire. Thorough references are provided for those who wish to consider the original literature. In this way, it is hoped that the Progress in Medical Radiation Physics series will be a catalyst encouraging medical physicists to apply new techniques and developments in their daily practice. Colin G. Orton ix Contents 1-1. The Tracking Cobalt Project: From Moving-Beam Therapy to Three-Dimensional Programmed Irradiation W. A. Jennings 1. Introduction 2. Establishing Moving-Beam Techniques at the Royal Northern Hospital, 1945-1955 4 2.1. Alternative Moving-Beam Techniques 4 2.2.

Inhalt
1-I. The Tracking Cobalt Project: From Moving-Beam Therapy to Three-Dimensional Programmed Irradiation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishing Moving-Beam Techniques at the Royal Northern Hospital, 19451955.- 3. The Tracking Concept and the Operation of the Mark I Tracking Machine, 19571959.- 4. Steps Toward an Improved Tracking Machine, 19601965.- 5. Dosimetry and Treatment Planning for the Mark II Tracking Machine.- 6. Alternative Approaches to Conformation Therapy under Parallel Development ElsewhereSynchronous Beam-Shaping and Shielding.- 7. Constructing and Installing the Mark II Tracking Machine, 19651970.- 8. Commissioning and Using the Mark II Tracking Machine, 19701975.- 9. Developing and Commissioning the Mark III Tracking Cobalt Machine, 19751980.- 10. Alternative Approaches to Computer-Controlled Radiotherapy.- References.- 1-II. Physical Aspects of Conformation Therapy Using Computer-Controlled Tracking Units.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Achieving Conformation Therapy Using Photon Beams.- 3. Representing Three-Dimensional Treatment Parameters.- 4. Controlling Radiotherapy Dose Distributions in Three Dimensions Using a Computer-Controlled Tracking Unit.- 5. A Note on Treatment-Planning Strategy.- 6. Basic Treatment Methods.- 7. Some Examples of Physics Planning Procedures.- 8. Tumor (Target) Localization.- 9. The Experimental Verification of Treatment Plans.- References.- 1-III. Computer Systems for the Control of Teletherapy Units.- 1. The Teletherapy Unit.- 2. Interface with the Computer.- 3. Programming the Therapy Unit.- 4. The Computer System.- 5. Safety and Control Monitoring.- 6. Future Developments.- References.- 2. Measurement of Human Body Composition in Vivo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Aims of Studies of Human Body Composition.-3. Selection of Aspects of Body Composition to be Measured.- 4. Determination of the Elementary Composition of the Body.- 5. Estimation of the Masses of Fat and Fat-Free Tissue.- 6. Analysis of the Fat-Free Mass into Water, Protein, and Minerals.- 7. Estimation of the Masses of Individual Tissues.- 8. Future Developments.- References.- 3. Medical Applications of Elemental Analysis Using Fluorescence Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles of Fluorescence X-Ray Emission.- 3. Detection and Analysis of Fluorescence X Rays.- 4. Excitation Modes.- 5. Summary.- References.- 4. Basic Imaging Properties of Radiographic Systems and Their Measurement.- 1. Introduction.- 2. X-Ray Sensitometry.- 3. Resolution Properties of Radiographic Imaging Systems.- 4. Radiographic Noise.- References.