This NATO volume in the Special Programme on Advanced Educational Technology presents several cognitive models and intelligent environments for learning programming. It discusses the relations between learning models and environments and the interdependence of various aspects of learning, and shows there is probably no single path from novice to expert.

Inhalt
Understanding Programming.- Task Analysis and Cognitive Model as a Framework to Analyse Environments for Learning Programming.- Mental Representations of Computer Languages a Lesson from Practice.- Towards a Unified Model of Learning to Program.- Acquiring Experience in Object-Oriented Programming: Effects on Design Strategies.- Programming and Design.- Program Comprehension Skills and Their Acquisition: A Call for an Ecological Paradigm.- A Distributed Model of Cognitive Behaviour in Specification Understanding.- How Confirmation Bias Affects Novice Programmers in Testing and Debugging: Research Strategies and Implications for Tools.- The Private Relation of the Student with Systematic Programming and Validation.- Environments for Learning Programming.- Towards an Intelligent Environment for Learning Introductory Programming.- Programming Environments for Novices.- Student Modeling in an Intelligent Programming Tutor.- Incidental Reification of Goals in an Intelligent Tutor for Smalltalk.- Methodology and Design Issues in Capra, an Environment for Learning Program Construction.- Linking Theory with ITS Implementation: Models of Programming and the Development of Programming Tutors.- Two and One-Half Approaches to Helping Novices Learn Recursion.- Knowledge Based Tools in Software Engineering Education.- Analogies in an Intelligent Programming Environment for Learning LISP.- Redressing ITS Fallacies Via Software Visualization.- Learning Programming in School Environments.- Registermachine as a Mental Model for Understanding Computer Programming.- Cognitive Structures and Cognitive Strategies in Algorithmic Thinking.- Young Novices Using an Intuitive Mental Schema to Construct Generalised Geometrical Tools.- Thinking Algebraically: Pupil Models Developed inLogo and a Spreadsheet Environment.- Learning Programming as a Cognitive Apprenticeship Through Conflicts.