This volume contains the lectures presented at the Advanced Study Institute on "Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Catalytic Solid Fuel Conversion for the Production of aean Synthetic Fuels" which was held at Ak~;ay, Edremit, Tiirkiye, between July 21 and August 3, 1991. The book includes 23 chapters originally written for the meeting by distinguished scientists an technologists in the field. l would like to acknowledge the contribution of each of the authors in the book. Their efforts have shed light on our understanding in coal science research and better utilization of coal. Three main subjects: structure and reactivity of coal; cleaning of coal and its products, and factors affecting environmental balance of energy usage and solutions for future, were discussed in the Institute and these are presented under six groups in the book. I hope that of great use to research workers from academic and industrial background. the book will be Many people contributed to the success of the Institute on which this volume was based. I take this occasion to thank my colleagues who lectured in the Institute, both for their efforts during the two weeks and their expertly prepared lecture notes that reached to me in time. The Institute was generously sponsored by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Dh·ision of the NATO and their contribution is deeply acknowledged.

Inhalt
Part 1 Structure and reactivity of coal: the physical and macromolecular structure of coals; fundamentals of coal pyrolysis and liquification; solubilization of coal; coal liquification kinetics; catalysis in direct coal liquification; catalytic and chemical behaviour of coal mineral matter in the coal conversion process; determination of coal behaviour for practical coal conversion processes; organic reactions at high temperatures in coal technology; bioconversion of coal. Part 2 Factors affecting environmental balance: direct assaults on well being "selected containments in marine ecosystems and human activities affecting the environment"; understanding of environmental disruption "natural and pollutant fluxes, simple mass balance models"; assessment of environmental damage by fossil fuels. Part 3 Pre-usage cleaning operations and processes: present practice in physical coal cleaning operations; chemical processes for demineralization and desulferization of fuels; biodesulferization of coal. Part 4 Upgrading of coal liquids and gases: upgrading of coal-derived liquids; gas upgrading; cleaning and purification; desulferization of coal gas at high temperatures with regenerable sorbents. Part 5 Oxygen enriched processes: oxygen production; fluidized bed combustion of coals and environmental protection; advances in the development of coke-free iron oxide reduction. Part 6 Probable future solution for energy and pollution problems: hydrogen energy system and hydrogen production methods; economic comparison of hydrogen and fossil fuel systems.