Environmental Indicators and Shellfish Safety

The abundant shellfish populations of the rich brackish waters of the coastal areas have been an important source of food from prehistoric times. Productive shellfish-harvesting waters have been decreasing at an alarming rate in recent times. Currently, of the fifteen million acres of national estuarine waters available for shellfish harvesting, only 64% are classified as approved and the amount of acreage available is decreasing annUally. The remaining areas are classified as prohibited, conditionally approved or restricted. Despite the growing problems, the shellfish industry is of vital importance to the economy of many coastal areas. The safety of molluscan shellfish has been brought into question. The executive summary of the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine's Report on Seafood Safety, states that "available data from CDC and the Northeast Technical Services Unit (NETSU) of the Food and Drug Administration for 1978-87, as well as literature reports, suggest that the greatest number of seafood associated illnesses are from raw molluscan shellfish harvested in waters contami nated with raw or poorly treated human sewage. The majority of these illnesses have unknown etiologies suggestive of Norwalk or Norwalk-like agents that cause human viral gastroenteritis". In addition, there have been numerous reports on safety problems of raw molluscan shellfish. The safety of raw molluscan shellfish is determined by using environmental indicators of fecal pollution. With respect to shellfish, the indicator concept evolved early this century.

Inhalt
1 Historical Overview.- 2 Microbial and Chemical Indicators.- 3 Human Enteric Pathogenic Viruses.- 4 Human-Associated Bacterial Pathogens.- 5 Animal- and Terrestrial-Associated Bacterial Pathogens.- 6 Association of Vibrionaceae, Natural Toxins and Parasites with Fecal Indicators.- 7 Methods to Recover Injured Indicators and Pathogens.- 8 Rapid Methods for the Detection and Enumeration of Indicators.- 9 Detection of Noncultural Indicators and Pathogens.- 10 Changes in Indicator and Pathogen Populations During Handling of Shellstock.- 11 Changes in Indicator and Pathogen Populations During Processing and Handling of Shucked Shellfish.- 12 Sanitary Surveys of Growing Waters.- 13 Depuration and Relaying of Molluscan Shellfish.- 14 Using Indicator Information for Managing Risks.- 15 Epidemiologic Studies.- 16 Statistical Sampling of Growing Waters and Shellfish Meat.- References.