Early in this century, the newly discovered x-ray diffraction by crystals made a complete change in crystallography and in the whole science of the atomic structure of matter, thus giving a new impetus to the development of solid-state physics. Crystallographic methods, pri marily x-ray diffraction analysis, penetrated into materials sciences, mol ecular physics, and chemistry, and also into many other branches of science. Later, electron and neutron diffraction structure analyses be came important since they not only complement x-ray data, but also supply new information on the atomic and the real structure of crystals. Electron microscopy and other modern methods of investigating mat ter-optical, electronic paramagnetic, nuclear magnetic, and other res onance techniques-yield a large amount of information on the atomic, electronic, and real crystal structures. Crystal physics has also undergone vigorous development. Many re markable phenomena have been discovered in crystals and then found various practical applications. Other important factors promoting the development of crystallog raphy were the elaboration of the theory of crystal growth (which brought crystallography closer to thermodynamics and physical chem istry) and the development of the various methods of growing synthetic crystals dictated by practical needs. Man-made crystals became increas ingly important for physical investigations, and they rapidly invaded technology. The production of synthetic crystals made a tremendous impact on the traditional branches: the mechanical treatment of mate rials, precision instrument making, and the jewelry industry.

Inhalt

1. Principles of Formation of the Atomic Structure of Crystals.- 1.1 The Structure of Atoms.- 1.2 Chemical Bonding Between Atoms.- 1.3 Energy of the Crystal Lattice.- 1.4 Crystallochemical Radii Systems.- 1.5 Geometric Regularities in the Atomic Structure of Crystals.- 1.6 Solid Solutions and Isomorphism.- 2. Principal Types of Crystal Structures.- 2.1 Crystal Structures of Elements.- 2.2 Intermetallic Structures.- 2.3 Structures with Bonds of Ionic Nature.- 2.4 Covalent Structures.- 2.5 Structure of Complex and Related Compounds.- 2.6 Principles of Organic Crystal Chemistry.- 2.7 Structure of High-Polymer Substances.- 2.8 Structure of Liquid Crystals.- 2.9 Structures of Substances of Biological Origin.- 3. Band Energy Structure of Crystals.- 3.1 Electron Motion in the Ideal Crystal.- 3.2 Brillouin Zones.- 3.3 Isoenergetic Surfaces. Fermi Surface and Band Structure.- 4. Lattice Dynamics and Phase Transitions.- 4.1 Atomic Vibrations in a Crystal.- 4.2 Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity of Crystals.- 4.3 Polymorphism. Phase Transitions.- 4.4 Atomic Vibrations and Polymorphous Transitions.- 4.5 Ordering-Type Phase Transitions.- 4.6 Phase Transitions and ElectronPhonon Interaction.- 4.7 Debye's Equation of State and Grüneisen's Formula.- 4.8 Phase Transitions and Crystal Symmetry.- 5. The Structure of Real Crystals.- 5.1 Classification of Crystal Lattice Defects.- 5.2 Point Defects of the Crystal Lattice.- 5.3 Dislocations.- 5.4 Stacking Faults and Partial Dislocations.- 5.5 Continuum Description of Dislocations.- 5.6 Subgrain Boundaries (Mosaic Structures) in Crystals.- 5.6 3 Subgrain Boundary Energy.- 5.7 Twins.- 5.8 Direct Observation of Lattice Defects.- References.