This is Volume 4 (of 10 volumes) of the EUROTRAC Final Report. The report increases the basic understanding of atmospheric science and improves the scientific basis for making future political decisions on environmental management within Europe.

Inhalt
Table of Content.- 1 Excecutive Summary.- 2 Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange of Ammonia.- 3 Atmospheric Particles and their Interactions with Natural Surfaces.- 4 Assessment of Dry Deposition and Total Acidifying Loads in Europe.- 5 Biological Mechanisms involved in the Exchange of Trace Gases.- 6 Atmosphere Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone.- 7 Exchange of Sulfur Gases between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 8.1 On-line Measurements of Ozone Surface Fluxes: Instrumentation and Methodology.- 8.2 Real-time and Non-intrusive Detection of Ambient Ammonia using the Photothermal Deflection Technique.- 8.3 Development of Instrumentation for Concentration Measurements and Surface-Exchange Fluxes of Air Pollutants.- 9.1 Ozone deposition on various surface types.- 9.2 Measurements of Dry Deposition Fluxes of Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone.- 9.3 Dry Deposition Monitoring of SO2, NH3 and NO2 over a Coniferous Forest.- 9.4 Flux of NOx between Atmosphere and Vegetation Parameterisation of Surface Resistance/Emission.- 9.5 First Emission Inventory of Ammonia in Timis County.- 9.6 Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides over Different European Ecosystems.- 9.7 Measurement of Ambient Concentration and Surface Fluxes of O3, SO2 NOx and TSP in Uludag National Park.- 9.8 Surface Exchange of Ammonia over Grazed Pasture.- 9.9 The Speulderbos Experiment 1993 Experimental and Modelling Results.- 10.1 Measurements of Wet and Dry Deposition in Timis County, Romania.- 10.2 Measurement of Dry Deposition Velocity of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides above Pine Forest and Low Vegetation in Different Seasons by the Gradient Method.- 10.3 Biogenic and Anthropogenic Trace Gas Fluxes between the Atmosphere and a Polluted Mixed Forest of Central Europe.- 10.4 Exchange ofReduced Sulfur Compounds between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 11.1 Exchange of Short Chained Organic Acids between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 11.2 Forest Emissions of Hydrocarbons.- 11.3 Investigations on Emissions of Low Molecular Weight Compounds (C2?C10) from Vegetation.- 11.4 Monoterpene and Isoprene Emission in Norway Spruce Forests.- 11.5 Emissions of VOCs from Stressed and Unstressed Vegetation.- 11.6 Isoprenoïc Compounds: Emission and Atmospheric Concentration Measurements.- 12.1 Vertical Flux Measurements of the Submicronic Aerosol Particles and Parametrisation of the Dry Deposition Velocity.- 12.2 Measurements of Fluxes of Particles, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Dioxide to Coniferous and Deciduous Forests.- 12.3 Sulfate Dry Deposition Measurements over Low Vegetation and in a Forested Area.- 13.1 Emission of Gaseous Hydrocarbons and NH3 out of Soils.- 13.2 Uptake and Distribution of NO2 in Norway Spruce (Picea Abies [L.] Karst.- 13.3 Mechanisms of Release of NOx and COS from Soil and Soil Micro-organisms.- 13.4 The Chemical Behaviour and Deposition of Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Acid and Ammonia.- 13.5 Studies on Deposition, Emission and Chemical Transformation above and within Tall Vegetation.- 13.6 Studies on Exchange Processes of Momentum, Energy and Matter above and within Tall Vegetation.- 13.7 Ammonia Exchange between Terrestrial Plants and the Atmosphere Controlled by Plant Physiology: Compensation Point and CO2 Exchange.- 13.8 Photolysis Frequencies of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone: Measurements and Model Calculations.- 14.1 Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement in a Rural Region of Northern Italy.- 14.2 Improvement and Validation of the Throughfall Technique for Nitrogen Deposition Measurements to Forest Ecosystems.- 14.3 Modellingthe Uptake and Metabolisation of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone by Plant Leaves.- 14.4 Experimental and Modelling Studies of the Deposition Processes in South European Ecosystems.- 15 BIATEX Publications: 19881995.