This book presents a comprehensive and coherent summary of techniques for enhancing the resolution and image contrast provided by far-field optical microscopes. It takes a critical look at the body of knowledge that comprises optical microscopy, compares and contrasts the various instruments, provides a clear discussion of the physical principles that underpin these techniques, and describes advances in science and medicine for which superresolution microscopes are required and are making major contributions.
The text fills significant gaps that exist in other works on superresolution imaging, firstly by placing a new emphasis on the specimen, a critical component of the microscope setup, giving equal importance to the enhancement of both resolution and contrast. Secondly, it covers several topics not typically discussed in depth, such as Bessel and Airy beams, the physics of the spiral phase plate, vortex beams and singular optics, photoactivated localizationmicroscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). Several variants of these techniques are critically discussed. Noise, optical aberrations, specimen damage, and artifacts in microscopy are also covered. The importance of validation of superresolution images with electron microscopy is stressed. Additionally, the book includes translations and discussion of seminal papers by Abbe and Helmholtz that proved to be pedagogically relevant as well as historically significant.
This book is written for students, researchers, and engineers in the life sciences, medicine, biological engineering, and materials science who plan to work with or already are working with superresolution light microscopes. The volume can serve as a reference for these areas while a selected set of individual chapters can be used as a textbook for a one-semester undergraduate or first-year graduate course on superresolution microscopy. Moreover, the text provides a captivating account of curiosity, skepticism, risk-taking, innovation, and creativity in science and technology. Good scientific practice is emphasized throughout, and the author's lecture slides on responsible conduct of research are included as an online resource which will be of interest to students, course instructors, and scientists alike.

Designed for both reference and teaching with clear mathematical and physical formulations of far-field optical microscopy techniques Contains English translations of seminal papers that are historically and pedagogically relevant Gives detailed tutorials on many optical topics that are underdeveloped in similar books Discusses the ethical dimensions of the discovery of each relevant microscope Emphasizes the importance of attribution of credit for inventions and appropriate citation of prior works Presents a critical analysis of the benefits and limitations of each microscopic technique

Autorentext
Professor Barry R. Masters received a PhD from The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, an MS degree from Florida State University, and a BS from The Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York. Professor Masters was Visiting Scientist in the Department of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Visiting Scholar in the History of Science Department at Harvard University, Visiting Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Bern, and Professor in Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. He was a Visiting Professor in Japan, India, Australia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, The United Kingdom, P. R. China, and Egypt. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Optical Society of America (OSA), and the international society for optics and photonics (SPIE). From 1999 to 2000, Professor Masters was an AAAS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellow and served as Legislative Assistant in the United States Congress. He is a recipient of the Vogt Prize for Ophthalmic Research (highest Swiss award for research in ophthalmology) with Dr. Matthias Böhnke in 1999 for their work on "confocal microscopy of the cornea." Professor Masters has published 87 refereed papers, 143 book chapters and proceedings articles, 105 abstracts, and 239 book reviews. He is the editor or author of 10 books, among them Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, Confocal Microscopy and Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy: The Genesis of Live Cell Imaging, and Handbook of Biomedical Nonlinear Optical Microscopy (with Peter So). Masters wrote the essay "What Is Light?" (translated into 15 languages) for the International Commission for Optics (ICO), to inaugurate the International Year of Light, 2015. He lectures worldwide on the Responsible Conduct of Research, biomedical ethics, critical thinking, and biomedical photonics. His scholarly interests include developments in the fields of in vivo microscopy of the human eye and skin, biomedical imaging and spectroscopy, fractal analysis of branching vascular patterns, ethics in science and medicine, the history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century physics, science education, and art and science.

Inhalt
About the Author.- Epigraph.- Preface.- Part I Development of Microscopes.- 1 Connections Between Light, Vision, and Microscopes.- 2 Concepts and Criteria of Resolution.- 3 Aberrations and Artifacts Confound Optical Resolution.- 4 Insights in the Development of Light Microscopes.- 5 Ernst Abbe and His Contributions to Optics.- 6 Abbe's Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope.- 7 Helmholtz's Contributions on the Theoretical Limits to the Resolution of the Microscope.- 8 Further Insights to Abbe's Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction.- 9 Mathematical Description of Abbe's Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction.- Part II Optical Techniques to Enhance Contrast in the Microscope.- 10 Richard Zsigmondy and Henry Siedentopf's Ultramicroscope.- 11 Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM).- 12 Phase Microscopy to Enhance Contrast.- Part III Far-Field Superresolution Optical Microscopy.- 13 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM).- 14 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy and Related Techniques.- 15 Localization Microscopy with Active Control.- 16 Coda: Trade-Offs, Cautions, and Limitations of Far-Field Superresolution Optical Microscopes.- Appendix: Annotated Bibliography of Key Publications Relevant to Abbe's Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops 1873.- Index.