Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks

Managing environmental contamination requires decision makers to weigh eXlstmg risks against the potential effects of implementing environmental policies - considering both the benefits and disruptions that may result from different actions. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Lisbon was an important step in the development and application of cost efficient methods of risk assessment especiaIly within the constraints of a budget. The goal of the workshop was to evaluate the potential for risk assessment to serve as a unified and unifying technique in addressing a wide range of environmental problems. Papers presented in this book discuss issues ranging from specific and local studies (specific site, ecosystem, pollutant) to global decision and management frameworks (watersheds, regions, integration of multiple poIlutants and stressors); they develop a range of approaches starting from specific methods to widely applied public policies (Figure 1). The papers show that the use of risk assessment can provide the scientific basis for environmentaIly sound and cost-efficient policies, strategies, and solutions to our environmental chaIlenges. The organization of the Proceedings reflects sessions and discussions during the workshop. The papers in the introductory Chapter summarize the positions of Drs. Glenn Suter (EPA) and Jim Wilson (Resources for the Future) regarding whether the use of often-expensive risk assessments in developing countries can be justified, given evolving regulatory institutions and limited resources.

Autorentext
Dr. Igor Linkov is the Risk and Decision Science Focus Area Lead with the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, and Adjunct Professor with Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Linkov has managed multiple risk and resilience assessments and management projects in many application domains, including cybersecurity, transportation, supply chain, homeland security and defense, and critical infrastructure. He was part of several Interagency Committees and Working Groups tasked with developing resilience metrics and resilience management approaches, including the US Army Corps of Engineers Resilience Roadmap. Dr. Linkov has organized more than thirty national and international conferences and continuing education workshops, including NATO workshops on Cyber Resilience in Estonia (2018) and Finland (2019), as well as Chaired Program Committee for 2015 and 2019 World Congresses on Risk in Singapore and Cape Town. He has published widely on environmental policy, environmental modeling, and risk analysis, including twenty books and over 350 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters in top journals, like Nature, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Climate Change, among others. He has served on many review and advisory panels for DOD, DHS, FDA, EPA, NSF, EU and other US and international agencies. Dr. Linkov is Society for Risk Analysis Fellow and recipient of 2005 Chauncey Starr Award for exceptional contribution to Risk Analysis as well as 2014 Outstanding Practitioner Award. He is Elected Fellow with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. Linkov has a B.S. and M.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics (Polytechnic Institute) and a Ph.D. in Environmental, Occupational and Radiation Health (University of Pittsburgh). He completed his postdoctoral training in Risk Assessment at Harvard University.Dr. Benjamin D. Trump is an ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow for the US ArmyCorps of Engineers and a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He has also held a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Maryland, and as a research intern at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Singapore. Dr. Trump's work focuses on decision making and governance of activities under significant uncertainty, such as emerging and enabling technologies (synthetic biology, nanotechnology) and developing organizational, infrastructural, social, and informational resilience against systemic threats to complex interconnected systems. Dr. Trump served as a delegate to assist US presence in OECD's Global Science Forum in 2017, and is the President of the Society for Risk Analysis' Decision Analysis and Risk Specialty Group in 2018-2019. His work has been featured in over 50 peer-reviewed publications, journal articles, and book chapters, including publications in Nature, Nature Nanotechnology, EMBO Reports, Environmental Science & Technology,Health Policy, and Regulation and Governance, among others. Dr. Trump was also an author of the International Risk Governance Council's Guidelines for the Governance of Systemic Risks, as well as their 2nd Volume of the Resource Guide on Resilience. Dr. Trump is also frequently active with several Advanced Research Workshops for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Science for Peace Programme, including his role as a Director of a workshop titled Cybersecurity and Resilience for the Arctic. Dr. Trump received his PhD from the University of Michigan's School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy in 2016. He received a M.S. (2012) in Public Policy and Management and a B.S. in Political Science (2011) from Carnegie Mellon University.

Inhalt
Developments and Trends in Ecological Risk Assessment.- How Much is Too Much? Thoughts about the Use of Risk Assessment for Countries in Transition and the Developing World.- Application of Risk Assessment in Different Countries.- 1. Methods and Tools for Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks.- Streamlining the Risk Assessment Process: Integration of Generic Criteria and Site-Specific Risk Assessment.- Derivation of Aquatic Toxicity Values in Support of Groundwater Criteria Development for Trichlorofluoromethane and Dichlorodifluoromethane.- Ecotoxicity of River and Spring Sediment Along the Hanford Reach.- Determination of Primary and Secondary Responses to Environmental Stressors and Biota Health.- Risk Assessment for Biological Stressors.- Endocrine Disruptors and Risk Assessment.- Chernobyl Forests: Risk from Wood Combustion.- A Framework to Support Insurers on the Assessment of Pollution Risks.- Integrated Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.- A Comparative Risk Assessment Methodology for Prioritizing Risk Management Policy Initiatives: Ranking of Industrial Waste Streams in Portugal.- Methods and Tools for Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks (Report of the Working Group on Environmental Risk Assessment Methods and Tools).- 2. Environmental Risk Assessment: Modeling and Uncertainty.- Army Risk Assessment Modeling System (ARAMS).- Application of the QUAL2E Water Quality Model for Untreated Discharge Risk Assessment in Central and Eastern Europe.- Chemical Risk Assessment Based on the Framework of Basin-Wide Ecological Modeling and the Eco-Toxicological Index.- Modeling Pollutant Diffusion with a Statistical Characterization of Wind Conditions.- Risk Assessment in Ukraine: New Approaches and Strategy of Development.- Uncertainty in Environmental Risk Assessment (Report of the Working Group on Uncertainty Analysis).- 3. Environmental Policies and Risk Assessment.- Environmental Decision Making Involving Multiple Stakeholders.- Expert Judgment Resolution In Technically-Intensive Policy Disputes.- A Framework for the Assessment and Management of Risks in Eastern European and Developing Countries.- Ecological Risk Perception: The Local Universal?.- The Development and Application of Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment in South Africa.- Development of a Risk Based Policy for Contaminated Sites of the Walloon Region, Belgium.- Risk Assessment for Agricultural Pollutants (Armenia): Modelling and Optimal Control.- Project IDRIS - Ecological Risk Assessment - Regional Approaches.- Integrating Science and Policy In Environmental Risk Management (Report of the Policy Working Group).- 4. Case Studies in Risk Assessment.- USAID Views on Environment…