A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America

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A guide to the clinical assessment, management and prevention of plant poisoning in domestic animals. It is organized into sections according to the animal symptoms with descriptions of toxins involved and their modes of action. It provides geographic location maps which highlight the distribution of specific plant material within North America.

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Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Plants Causing Sudden Death
Plants Containing Cyanogenic Glycosides
Mechanism of Acute Cyanide Poisoning
Clinical Signs of Acute Cyanide Poisoning
Postmortem Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning
Plants: Acacia, Western Service Berry, Mountain Mahogany, Wild Blue Flax, Western Choke-Cherry, Elderberry, Johnson Grass, Poison Suckleya, Arrow Grass
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin
Plant-Associated Nitrate Poisoning
Nitrate Toxicology
Clinical Signs
Chronic Nitrate Poisoning
Treatment
Diagnosis
Prevention of Nitrate Poisoning
Common Weeds that Accumulate Nitrate
Plants: Ragweed, Wild Oat Grass, Lamb's-Quarter, Canada Thistle, Field
Bindweed, Barnyard Grass, Sunflower, Kochia, Mallow, Russian Thistle
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin
Plants Containing Toxic Alkaloids
Larkspur Poisoning
Plant: Larkspur
Habitat; Description; Toxicity; Clinical Signs; Treatment;
Prevention of Larkspur Poisoning; Control
Plants: Aconite, Poison Hemlock, Water Hemlock, Copperweed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs
References

Chapter 2 Plants Affecting the Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Glycosides
Toxicity of Cardiac Glycosides
Clinical Signs of Poisoning
Treatment
Diagnosis
Plants: Dogbane, Spreading Dogbane, Lily of the Valley, Foxglove, Oleander,
Yellow Oleander, Milkweeds, Yew, Avocado, Death Camas
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment
References

Chapter 3 Plants Affecting the Digestive System
Excessive Salivation
Protoanemonins
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Plants: Blister Buttercup, Bur Buttercup, Baneberry, Tung Nut, Chinaberry, Pokeweed, Corn Cockle, Bouncing Bet, Sesbania
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Gastrointestinal Impaction and Obstruction Caused by Plants
Plants: Mesquite, American Persimmon
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins

Vomiting
Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment; Prevention
Plants: Orange Sneezeweed, Bitter Sneezeweed, Sneezeweed (H. autumnale), Sneezeweed (H. microcephalum), Colorado Rubberweed, Bitterweed, Desert
Baileya, Field Bindweed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Nightshades
Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Plants: Jimson Weed, Sacred Datura, Angel's Trumpet, Deadly Nightshade,
Black Henbane, Black Nightshade, Bitter Nightshade, Silver Leaf Nightshade,
Horse Nettle, Buffalo Bur, Tropical Soda Apple, Ground Cherries
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Diarrhea
Plant: Leafy Spurge
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Lectins
Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Diagnosis; Treatment
Plants: Castor Bean, Precatory Bean, Black Locust, Mayapple, Privet
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Rhododendron Grayanotoxins
Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Diagnosis; Treatment
Plants: Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, Japanese Pieris, Fetter-Bush,
Maleberry, Common Box
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxins; Clinical Signs; Treatment
References

Chapter 4 Plants Affecting the Skin and Liver
Photosensitization
Primary Photosensitization
Secondary Photosensitization
Pyrrolizidine Poisoning
Biliary Occlusive Photosensitization
Alsike Clover Poisoning
Mycotoxin Photosensitivity
Blue-Green Algae Poisoning
Clinical Signs of Photosensitization
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control of Photosensitizing Plants
Plants: Bishop's Weed, Buckwheat, St. John's Wort, Lechuguilla, Fiddleneck, Rattlebox, Senecio, Hound's Tongue, Lantana, Sacahuista, Horsebrush,
Puncture Vine, Panic Grasses, Kochia, Hairy Vetch, Leucaena, Scorpion Weed, Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs
References

Chapter 5 Plants Affecting the Blood
Onion Poisoning
Plant: Allium spp.
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Brassica Poisoning
Glucosinolate Poisoning
Clinical Signs; Treatment; Preventive Measures
Red Maple Poisoning
Plant: Acert rubrum
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment
Yellow Sweet Clover
Plant: Melilotus Officinalis, Bracken Fern, Brake Fern, Eagle Fern
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Bracken Fern Poisoning
Principal Toxins
Clinical Signs of Bracken Poisoning in Cattle and Sheep
Bracken Fern Poisoning in Sheep
Bracken Fern Poisoning in Horses
Bracken Fern Poisoning in People
References

Chapter 6 Plants Affecting the Nervous System
Section I: Locoweeds
Locoweed Poisoning
Principal Toxin
Clinical Syndromes Attributable to Locoweed Poisoning
Diagnosis of Locosim
Treatment of Locoism
Prevention and Management of Locoweed Poisoning
Astragalus Species Containing Nitro Compounds
Prinicpal Toxins
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Postmortem Findings
Prevention and Control
Plants: Blue or Spotted Locoweed, Woolly or Purple Locoweed, White
Locoweed, Purple Locoweed, Timber Milk Vetch, Crown Vetch
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Section II: Other Plants Affecting the Nervous System
Sagebrush Poisoning
Plants: Sand Sage, Fringed Sage, Big Sagebrush, Coyotillo, Bracken Fern,
Common Horsetail
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Yellow Star Thistle and Russian Knapweed Poisoning
Plants: Yellow Star Thistle, Russian Knapweed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

White Snakeroot Poisoning
Plants: White Snakeroot, Jimmy Weed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Miscellaneous Neurotoxic Plants
Plants: Mescal Bean, Buckeye, Kentucky Coffee Tree, Carolina Jessamine,
Sweet Shrub, Carolina Allspice, Golden Chain Tree, Bleeding Heart, Lobelia, Western Horse Nettle, Potato Weed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Sudan and Johnson Grass Poisoning
Clinical Signs
Plants: Peas (Lathyrism), Caltrop, Carpetweed, Hemp, Marijuana, Tobacco
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Miscellaneous Plants Associated with Neurologic Signs
References

Chapter 7 Plants Causing Kidney Failure
Oxalate Poisoning
Toxic Effects of Oxalates
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Prevention
Plants: Five Hook Bassia, Halogeton, Greasewood, Sorrel, Pigweed, Purslane,
Dock, Rhubarb, Oak
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs;
Necropsy; Treatment
Acorn Calf Syndrome

References

Chapter 8 Plants Associated with Congenital Defects and Reproductive Failure
Teratogenic Plants
Milk Vetches Locoweed
Plant: Lupine
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin

Crooked Calf Disease
Nervous Syndrome
Poison Hemlock, Spotted Hemlock
Plants Causing Abortion
Plants: Western False Hellebore, Tree Tobacco, Broom Snakeweed,
Western Yellow or Ponderosa Pine
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs

Phytoestrogens
Nitrate Poisoning

References

Chapter 9 Plants Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
Plant-Induced Calcinosis
Plant: Day-Blooming Jessamine
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs

Plants Causing Muscle Degeneration
Plants: Senna, Sickle Pod, Golden Banner, Black Walnut, Hoary Alyssum, Flatweed
Habitat; Description; Principal Toxin; Clinical Signs; Treatment

Phytogenic Selenium…