Rapid growth in the research and development of clean energy storage techniques has yielded a significant number of electrochemically active compounds/materials possessing enormous potential to facilitate the fabrication of next generation devices such as the supercapacitor. This Brief describes recent progress in the field of metal-ion based hybrid electrical energy storage devices, with emphasis on the effect of different metal ions and other constituent components on the overall electrochemical performance of battery-supercapacitor hybrids (BSHs). Although significant efforts have been made to create an effective electrical energy storage system that would have the energy density of a battery and the power density of a supercapacitor, persistent challenges still lie in combining these two altogether different systems to form a cost-effective and safe storage device. Detailed comparisons of output performance and longevity (in terms of cyclic stability) are provided, including device fabrication cost and safety.

Of the several proposed schematics/prototypes, hybrid supercapacitors, with both carbon-based EDLC electrode and pure faradic (battery type) electrode can work in tandem to yield high energy densities with little degradation in specific power. As a promising electric energy storage device, supercapacitors address several critical issues in various fields of applications from miniaturized electronic devices and wearable electronics to power hungry heavy automobiles. Depending on the electrode configuration and other controlling parameters, these BSHs can have contrasting performance statistics. Metal ion BSHs such as Li + , Na + , Mg +2 , Zn +2 etc., acid-alkaline BSHs, and redox electrolyte based BSHs all represent recent approaches, with BSHs based on metal ions, particularly Lithium, of particular interest because of the extreme popularity of Li-ion based batteries. This book is writtenfor a broad readership of graduate students and academic and industrial researchers who are concerned with the growth and development of sustainable energy systems where efficient and cost-effective storage is key.

Provides an overview of supercapacitors and their classification Emphasizes the highly promising metal-ion based hybrid supercapacitor, including a mechanistic discussion of electrochemical charge storage Includes a complete package of fundamentals about the electrolyte, electrode material and prototype fabrication Addresses problems with the balance among the three major factors of energy density, power density, and cycle life

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Dr. Aneeya Kumar Samantara, PhD, is presently working as a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Khordha, Odisha, India. Additionally, Dr. Samantara is a member of the Editorial Board of a number of [international] journals. Recently he joined as Community Board Member of Materials Horizon, a leading materials science journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London. He has authored 23 peer-reviewed international journal articles, ten books (with Springer Nature, Nova Science, Arcler Press, Intech Open), and six book chapters. Dr. Samantara's research interests include the synthesis of metal oxide/chalcogenides and graphene composites for energy storage and conversion applications. Dr. Satyajit Ratha , PhD, pursued his PhD at the Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. Recently he joined as Community Board Member of Nanoscale Horizon, a materials science journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London. Dr. Ratha's research interests include two-dimensional semiconductors, nanostructure synthesis and applications, energy storage devices, and supercapacitors. He has authored and coauthored over 21 peer-reviewed international journal articles and one book for Springer Nature.

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