Autorentext

Douglas Allchin is a AAAS Fellow and Resident Fellow at the Minnesota Center for the Philosophy of Science, and a historian and philosopher of science. Trained originally in evolutionary biology, he has contributed to field research in the Chesapeake Bay, Rocky Mountains, and Panama. He received his Ph.D. in the Conceptual Foundations of Science from the University of Chicago. His historical work on late phlogistonists and the ox phos controversy in bioenergetics are widely respected. He is also internationally renowned for efforts to integrate history and philosophy into science teaching, recognized by the History of Science Society's Hazen Prize.

Klappentext

History is littered with scientific errors: bodily humors, atomic affinities, mislabeled planets... This contrasts sharply with the image of science as "self-correcting" and as providing a systematic method that reliably yields trustworthy knowledge. Toward a Philosophy of Error in Science seeks to resolve this puzzle.

By carefully dissecting cases from history, we can catalog a vast inventory of the sources of error. The sensational claim that chronic fatigue syndrome was caused by the XMRV virus? A contaminated commercial reagent. Newton's faulty formula for the speed of sound, which even the greatest physicists could not fix for over a hundred years? Lack of collateral knowledge about adiabatic phenomena. How did Boyle's law become a universal "law," if it has so many exceptions and conditions? Overgeneralization.

History also allows us to document how each error was corrected. How did the OPERA team track down the loose cable that led to international news headlines about a faster-than-light neutrino? How did the Mesmer Commission debunk animal magnetism? How did happenstance help unravel the entrenched view that stress and diet caused ulcers? How did the craniological practice of measuring intelligence, sustained for decades by racist and sexist ideology, eventually unravel in just a few years?

We can develop more effective methods for regulating errors in the future. We can also rethink our views of progress in science, the role of "bias," and even our very concept of knowledge.

Inhalt

• 1: Error Itself

• 2: Observational Errors

• 3: Conceptual Errors

• 4: Social-Level Errors

• 5: From Incongruence to Error

• 6: Deeper Evidence

• 7: The Conundrum of Bias

• 8: Managing Error