Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary science concerned with understanding and utilizing models of cognition. It has spawned a great dealof research on applications such as expert systems and intelligent tutoring systems, and has interacted closely with psychological research. However, it is generally accepted that it is difficult to apply cognitive-scientific models to medical training and practice. This book is based on a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Italy in 1991, the purpose of which was to examine the impact ofmodels of cognition on medical training and practice and to outline future research programmes relating cognition and education, and in particular to consider the potential impact of cognitive science on medical training and practice. A major discovery presented in the book is that the research areas related to artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and medical decision making are considerably closer, both conceptually and theoretically, than many of the workshop participants originally thought.

Inhalt
I: Philosophical Issues: Information Representation.- Epistemological Constraints on Medical Knowledge-Based Systems.- Abductive Reasoning: Philosophical and Educational Perspectives in Medicine.- The Language of Medicine and the Modeling of Information.- II: Artificial Intelligence Issues: Knowledge-Based Systems.- AI Meets Decision Science: Emerging Synergies For Decision Support.- Computational Models of Cased-Based Reasoning for Medicine.- The Evaluation of Medical Expert Systems.- III: Technology and Artificial Intelligence Issues: Implementations.- Dynamic Decision-Making in Anesthesiology: Cognitive Models and Training Approaches.- From Expert Systems to Intelligent Tutoring Systems.- Expert Systems in Teaching Electrocardiography.- Review of Technological Products for Training.- IV: Psychological Issues: Medical Cognition.- Cognitive Frameworks for Clinical Reasoning: Application for Training and Practice.- Knowledge Application and Transfer for Complex Tasks in Ill-Structured Domains: Implications for Instruction and Testing in Biomedicine.- Psychological Modeling of Cognitive Processes in Knowledge Assessment by Experts: Some Convergent Issues with Psychological Modeling in Medical Reasoning.- Models of Cognition and Educational Technologies: Implications for Medical Training.- Encapsulation of Biomedical Knowledge.- V: Psychological Issues: Teaching and Learning in Medicine.- How One Learns Graph-Reading Skills for Solving Biochemistry Problems.- Who Will Catch the Nagami Fever? Causal Inferences and Probability Judgment in Mental Models of Diseases.- Mental and Qualitative (AI) Models of Cardiac Electrophysiology: An Exploratory Study in Comparative Cognitive Science.- Cognitive Effects of Practical Experience.- VI: Reflections on Practice: The Medical School Perspective.- The Dean and the Bear.- The European Medical Education Perspective.- Reflections on Practice in Medical Education: Perspectives from Spain.- Hungarian Medical Education: Present Problems and Future Plans for Eastern European Medical Schools.- List of Author Participants.- List of Other Participants.