This book presents, in the simplest possible manner, those branches of error analysis which find direct applications in solving various problems in engineering.

Chapters I, II, III, and IV contain a presentation of the fundamentals of error calculus: basic characteristics of error distributions, histograms and their various applications, basic continuous distributions of errors and functions of independent random variables. In Chapter V, two-dimensional distributions of errors are discussed with applications. Fundamentals of the theory of two-dimensional continuous independent and dependent random variables are also discussed in that chapter. Then the methods of determination of the ellipses of probability concentration for the two-dimensional continuous normal distribution are given. Chapter VI deals with two-dimensional vectorial functions of independent random variables along with practical applications to the analysis of the positioning accuracy of mechanisms with two-dimensional movements. The procedure of determination of ellipses of probability concentration is also described. In Chapter VII, three-dimensional distributions of errors are considered, while Chapter VIII deals with the three-dimensional vectorial functions of independent random variables. The theory is illustrated by examples of the analysis of the positioning accuracy of robot manipulators. The examples of determining the ellipsoids of probability concentration are presented. Chapter IX contains error analysis-inspired problems that are described by implicit equations and Chapter X presents useful definitions and facts of probability theory for future readings.

This book has been written for readers whose main interests are applications of error calculus in various problems of engineering.

In all ten chapters much attention is paid to the practical significance of error analysis.

Zusammenfassung
Our intention in preparing this book was to present in as simple a manner as possible those branches of error analysis which ?nd direct applications in solving various problems in engineering practice. The main reason for writing this text was the lack of such an approach in existing books dealing with the error calculus. Most of books are devoted to mathematical statistics and to probability theory. The range of applications is usually limited to the problems of general statistics and to the analysis of errors in various measuring techniques. Much less attention is paid in these books to two-dimensional and three-dim- sional distributions, and almost no attention is given to problems connected with the two-dimensional and three-dimensional vectorial functions of independent random variables. The theory of such vectorial functions ?nds new applications connected, for example, with analysis of the positioning accuracy of various mechanisms, among them of robot manipulators and automatically controlled earth-moving and loading machines, such as excavators.

Inhalt
Basic Characteristics of Error Distribution; Histograms.- Random Variables and Probability; Normal Distribution.- Probability Distributions and Their Characterizations.- Functions of Independent Random Variables.- Two-dimensional Distributions.- Two-dimensional Functions of Independent Random Variables.- Three-dimensional Distributions.- Three-dimensional Functions of Independent Random Variables.- Problems Described by Implicit Equations.- Useful Definitions and Facts of Probability Theory for Further Reading.