The growth of interest and research activity in X -ray microscopy is reflected in the increasing size and scope of a related series of international conferences, the latest of which (XRM90) was held at King's College London (3-7 September 1990) with over 130 delegates. Previous conferences in Gottingen and Brookhaven resulted in books in the Springer Series in Optical Sciences, and this volume, the proceedings of XRM90, maintains this tradition. Because of the large number of papers their lengths were strictly limited and, while most papers can be directly identified with conference presentations, in a few cases those on similar topics by the same authors have been combined into a longer paper to allow better use of the space. The book is divided into six parts, with Parts IT-VI covering the major areas of interest at the conference. In Part 1 are two overviews; Ron Burge presented the opening paper of the conference, while the closing, summary, contrlbution by Janos Kirz is included here as a comprehensive introduction to the remainder of the book. Part IT covers developments in X -ray sources and optics. The high average brightnesses of synchrotron radiation sources have made many applications pos­ sible, while the more convenient, laboratory-based, plasma sources offer much promise for the future. Several contributions report significant advances in X-ray optics, which must clearly continue fully to exploit the latest sources.

Inhalt

I Introduction to X-Ray Microscopy 1990.- to Soft X-Ray Microscopy.- XRM90 Conference Summary.- II X-Ray Sources and X-Ray Optics.- The Development of Synchrotron Radiation Sources and X-Ray Microscopy at the Photon Factory.- Compact SR-Source AURORA, and Its Application to X-Ray Microscopy.- Coherent Radiation for X-Ray Imaging: The Performance of the X1A Beamline at the NSLS.- Soft X-Ray Emission from a Laser-Produced Carbon Plasma.- Repetitive Laser-Plasma X-Ray Source for Microscopy Applications.- Laser-Produced Plasma as a Source for X-Ray Microscopy.- High Repetition Rate Laser-Plasma X-Ray Source for Microscopy.- A Study of the Feasibility of X-Ray Microscopy with a Laser-Plasma Source.- A Plasma Source for an Imaging X-Ray Microscope.- A Laboratory X-Ray Microscope with a Plasma X-Ray Source.- 2-D X-Ray Focusing by Circular Phase Bragg-Fresnel Lenses at a Bragg Angle Close to ?/2.- Nanofabrication of Zone Plates for X-Ray Microscopy.- The Status of Zone Plate Fabrication at King's College London.- Germanium Phase Zone Plates with High Aspect Ratios for X-Ray Microscopy Experiments.- Electroplated Nickel Phase Zone Plates Generated by Laser Lithography and Electron-Beam Lithography.- Focusing and Imaging Properties of a Nickel Phase Zone Plate.- Experiments for the Construction of Sputtered Sliced Zone Plates.- Investigations on the Ag2S/GeS2-Inorganic Photoresist System for the Fabrication of High Resolution Zone Plates.- Experiments in Zone Plate Replication Using Spatial Frequency Multiplication at X-Ray Wavelengths.- Evaluation of the Efficiency of Zone Plates with High Aspect Ratios by Application of Coupled Wave Theory.- X and XUV Microscopes Based on Mirror Optics.- Grazing Incidence Relay Optics for X-Ray Microscopy.- Fabrication of Multilayer Mirror Zone Plates and Gratings for Use with Soft X-Rays.- Fabrication of Gold and Tungsten Subhalfmicron Absorbing Patterns for High Resolution Transmission Diffractive Optics.- Characteristics of a Multilayer Schwarzschild Objective.- Preparation and Evaluation of Grazing Incidence Aspherical Mirrors with Multilayer Films.- X-Ray Optics Using Capillary Arrays.- Galvanoplastic X-Ray Microscopes and Their Applications.- III X-Ray Imaging and Related Topics.- Recent Progress with the King's College Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope.- X-Ray Microscopy with the Göttingen Scanning X-Ray Microscope at 2.4 nm.- Soft X-Ray Microscopy with Zone Plates at UVSOR.- New Version Soft X-Ray Microscope at the Photon Factory.- The X-Ray Scanning Microscope Beam Branch Line and Its Scanning System Design at BEPC.- Progress of the Soft X-Ray Microscopy Project at Hefei.- The NPL X-Ray Reflection Scanning Microscope.- X-Ray Microscope with Grazing Incidence Mirrors and a High Resolution X-Ray Imaging Apparatus.- X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy.- X-Ray Microscopy and Microtomography Using Synchrotron Radiation from the Storage Ring VEPP-3.- Tomographic Imaging of Focused Soft X-Ray Beams.- X-Ray Shadow Projection Microscopy and Microtomography.- X-Ray Projection Microscopy and Microtomography in a Scanning Electron Microscope.- The Recent Development of Projection X-Ray Microscopy for Biological Applications.- An Imaging X-Ray Microscope Using a Laser-Plasma Source.- X-Ray Crystal Microscopy of Laser-Generated Plasmas.- An Imaging X-Ray Microscope Using a Laser-Plasma Source and a Schwarzschild Objective.- Dedicated Soft X-Ray Source for Contact Microscopy.- X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy.- First Test of a Bragg-Fresnel X-Ray Fluorescence Microscope.- The MAXIMUM Photoelectron Microscope at the University of Wisconsin's Synchrotron Radiation Center.- Recent Developments in Spectromicroscopy with the Xl-SPEM.- Technical Realization and First Images of the Hamburg Focusing Mirror Scanning Microscope.- Principle and Limitations of the Hamburg Focusing Mirror Microscope.- Microprobe Photoemission Spectroscopy with the Hamburg Focusing Mirror Scanning Microscope.- The Development of an XUV Scanning Photoelectron Microscope.- X-Ray Holography Using Photoresists: High Resolution Lensless Imaging.- First Results with a Fourier Transform Holographic Microscope.- X-Ray Holography at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.- Microholographic Imaging of Biological Samples.- IV X-Ray Interactions and Image Contrast.- Contrast Mechanisms in X-Ray Microscopy.- Making Soft X-Ray Microscopy Harder: Considerations for Sub-0.1 ?m Resolution Imaging at ~ 4 Å Wavelengths.- Differential Phase Contrast in X-Ray Microscopy.- The Validity of the Born Approximation for the Imaging of 3-D Objects in X-Ray Microscopy.- Experimental Characterization of Zone Plates for High Resolution X-Ray Microscopy.- Experimental Determination of the Modulation Transfer Function of the Göttingen Laboratory X-Ray Microscope.- The Optical Constants of Materials at Soft X-Ray Wavelengths.- A Multiple Cone-Beam Reconstruction Algorithm for X-Ray Microtomography.- Prospects for Direct Refraction Index Measurement by Soft X-Ray Interferometry.- Radiation Damage to Cells by Ultrasoft X-Rays.- Calculations on Radiation Dosages of Biological Materials in Phase Contrast and Amplitude Contrast X-Ray Microscopy.- Temperature Rise of Objects in X-Ray Microscopy - Measurements and Calculations.- V Microscope Technology and Instrumentation.- Characterization of Soft X-Ray Detectors.- Statistical Noise in Soft X-Ray Images Stored in PMMA Resist.- The Electronic Zooming TV Readout System for an X-Ray Microscope.- Design Considerations for a Si(Li) Detector Assembly for X-Ray Microscopy.- Preparation and Characterisation of Silicon Nitride Membranes for Soft X-Ray Microscopy.- The Development of an Environmental Chamber for the King's College/SERC Daresbury Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope.- A Simple Chamber for Hydrated Specimens in a Vacuum and Its Application to X-Ray Contact Microscopy with Laser-Produced Plasma X-Rays.- Environmental Chamber for X-Ray Imaging of Wet Biological Specimens.- Aspects of Nanopositioning in Stage Design for Scanning X-Ray Microscopes.- The Use of Confocal Light Microscopy in the Study of X-Ray Contact Images on PMMA Resist.- A Hard X-Ray Microprobe for X-Ray Spectroscopies.- Time-Lapse X-Ray Imaging by Shadow Projection Microscopy.- VI Applications of X-Ray Microscopy.- Following Protein Transport with the High Resolution X-Ray Microscope.- Live Cell Specimens for X-Ray Microscopy.- Soft X-Ray Absorption Imaging of Whole Wet Tissue Culture Cells.- Investigations of Wet Biological Specimen…