Wildland Recreation

WILDLAND RECREATION

THE AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN WILDLANDS

This third edition provides an updated and thorough examination of the ecological impacts of recreational use on wildlands and the best management practices to employ in places where recreation and preservation of natural conditions are important - and often conflicting - objectives.

Covering the latest research, this edition provides detailed information about the environmental changes that result from recreational use. It describes spatial patterns of impact and trends over time, and then explores the factors that determine the magnitude of impact, including the amount of use, the type and behavior of use, and the environmental durability. Numerous examples, drawn from parks and recreation areas around the world, give readers an insight into why certain areas are more heavily damaged than others, and demonstrate the techniques available to mitigate damage.

The book incorporates both the first-hand experience of the authors and an exhaustive review of the world's literature on the subject. Boxes provide quick access to important material, and further resources are referenced in an extensive bibliography. Essential reading for all park and protected area management professionals, this book is also a useful textbook for upper division undergraduate and graduate students on recreation ecology and recreation management courses.

Autorentext

William Hammitt is Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, and Forest Resources, at Clemson University, South Carolina. His research specialties include the environmental psychology of privacy-solitude, place bonding, visual preferences within wildland settings, and user impacts in wildland recreation areas.

David Cole is Emeritus Scientist at Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula, Montana. He has conducted research in recreation ecology for 40 years, particularly in wilderness areas in the United States. Christopher Monz is Associate Professor of Recreation Resource Management in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University, Utah. He teaches courses in outdoor recreation management, ecological impacts of recreation, nature-based tourism, interpretation and outdoor education. His research specialty is recreation ecology where he has worked extensively on recreation disturbance to soil and plant communities.

Klappentext
THE AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN WILDLANDS

This third edition provides an updated and thorough examination of the ecological impacts of recreational use on wildlands and the best management practices to employ in places where recreation and preservation of natural conditions are important and often conflicting objectives.

Covering the latest research, this edition provides detailed information about the environmental changes that result from recreational use. It describes spatial patterns of impact and trends over time, and then explores the factors that determine the magnitude of impact, including the amount of use, the type and behavior of use, and the environmental durability. Numerous examples, drawn from parks and recreation areas around the world, give readers an insight into why certain areas are more heavily damaged than others, and demonstrate the techniques available to mitigate damage.

The book incorporates both the first-hand experience of the authors and an exhaustive review of the world's literature on the subject. Boxes provide quick access to important material, and further resources are referenced in an extensive bibliography. Essential reading for all park and protected area management professionals, this book is also a useful textbook for upper division undergraduate and graduate students on recreation ecology and recreation management courses.

Zusammenfassung
WILDLAND RECREATION THE AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN WILDLANDS This third edition provides an updated and thorough examination of the ecological impacts of recreational use on wildlands and the best management practices to employ in places where recreation and preservation of natural conditions are important and often conflicting objectives. Covering the latest research, this edition provides detailed information about the environmental changes that result from recreational use. It describes spatial patterns of impact and trends over time, and then explores the factors that determine the magnitude of impact, including the amount of use, the type and behavior of use, and the environmental durability. Numerous examples, drawn from parks and recreation areas around the world, give readers an insight into why certain areas are more heavily damaged than others, and demonstrate the techniques available to mitigate damage. The book incorporates both the first-hand experience of the authors and an exhaustive review of the world's literature on the subject. Boxes provide quick access to important material, and further resources are referenced in an extensive bibliography. Essential reading for all park and protected area management professionals, this book is also a useful textbook for upper division undergraduate and graduate students on recreation ecology and recreation management courses.

Inhalt
Preface viii

About the companion website x

PART I Introduction 1

1 Wildland Recreation and Resource Impacts 3

1.1 What is Wildland Recreation? 3

1.2 What is Recreation Resource Impact? 6

1.3 Ecological Impacts of Wildland Recreation 6

1.4 Recreation Ecology 9

1.5 The Importance of Ecological Impacts 10

1.6 The Manager's Role 12

1.7 Recreational Capacities 12

1.8 Themes of this Book 14

References 16

PART II IMPACTS TO RESOURCE COMPONENTS 19

2 Soil 21

2.1 Basic Soil Ecology 21

2.1.1 What is soil? 21

2.1.2 Soil texture and structure 21

2.1.3 Pore space 22

2.1.4 Bulk density 23

2.1.5 The soil profile 23

2.2 Effects of Recreation on Soils 24

2.2.1 Organic matter 25

2.2.2 Profile truncation 27

2.2.3 Soil compaction 28

2.2.4 Macroporosity and infiltration rate 29

2.2.5 Soil moisture 31

2.3 Soil Erosion 32

2.3.1 Erosion as a natural process 32

2.3.2 Recreation and erosion 33

2.3.3 Other soil impacts 35

2.3.4 Impacts associated with campfires 36

2.4 Summary 37

References 38

3 Vegetation 41

3.1 Vegetation Impact Parameters 41

3.1.1 Amount of vegetation 41

3.1.2 Species composition and other properties 43

3.1.3 Tree condition 43

3.2 Understanding Vegetation Impacts 43

3.2.1 Ground cover 44

3.2.2 Shrubs and saplings 51

3.2.3 Mature trees 51

3.3 Summary 53

References 53

4 Wildlife 56

4.1 Recreation Influences on Wildlife Responses 56

4.2 Wildlife Responses to Recreation 57

4.3 HumanWildlife Interactions 58

4.4 RecreationWildlife Impacts 59

4.4.1 Animal disturbance and harassment 60

4.4.2 Harvest 62

4.4.3 Habitat modification 63

4.4.4 Alteration of behavior 64

4.4.5 Species displacement and reproduction level 66

4.4.6 Species composition and structure 67

4.5 Impacts on Wildlife Species 67

4.5.1 Large mammals 67

4.5.2 Medium-sized animals 73

4.5.3 Small animals 74

4.5.4 Fish 75

4.6 Summary 75

References 76

5 Water 80

5.1 Dispersed Recreation and Water Impacts 80

5.2 Basic Water Ecology 81

5.2.1 Water temperature and flow 82

5.2.2 Dissolved oxygen 83

5.2.3 Nutrient influx 83

5.2.4 Coliform bacteria and other pathogens 85

5.3 Backcountry Camping and Drinking Sources 88

5.4 Solid Waste and Foreign Materials 89

5.5 Suspended Matter and Turbidity 90

5.6 …