This book deals with the petrogenesis of granitic rocks. It gives a summary and interpretation of experimental results obtained in synthetic and natural rock systems. The significance of water for the formation, intrusion and crystallization of granitic magmas forms an important part of the book. Emphasizing experimental aspects, the reader is provided with a thorough understanding of the evolution of granites, which is the most important type of rock of the continental crust.

Klappentext

There are several books emphasizing the mineralogical and petrological aspects of granites, but this book is the only one emphasizing the experimental aspects.

Inhalt

1 Introduction and Geological Background.- 1.1 Granites and the Continental Crust.- 1.2 Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Some Important Granite Types.- 1.3 Granite Magmatism and the Formation of the Continental Crust.- 1.4 Granite and Water.- 2 The Haplogranite System Qz-Ab-Or.- 2.1 Beginning of Melting in the System Qz-Ab-Or at $$ {a{{{H2}0}}} = 1 $$ and Composition of Initial Melts.- 2.1.1 Beginning of Melting.- 2.1.2 Composition of Initial H2O-Saturated Melts.- 2.1.3 Petrogenetic Implications.- 2.2 Dry Melting in the System Qz-Ab-Or.- 2.2.1 Beginning of Dry Melting.- 2.2.2 Composition of Dry Melts.- 2.3 Melting in Subsystems (Dry and at $$ {a{{{H2}0}}} = 1 $$).- 2.3.1 Beginning of Melting in Binary and Ternary Subsystems at $$ {a{{{H2}0}}} = 1 $$)1..- 2.3.2 Dry and H2O-Saturated Melting in the Subsystems Qz-Ab and Qz-Or.- 2.3.3 Eutectic Compositions of the Subsystems Qz-Ab and Qz-Or.- 2.3.4 The System Ab-Or-H2O.- 2.4 Beginning of Melting at Ab-H20-CO2.- 2.4.1 Beginning of Melting in the Subsystem Ab-H2O-CO2.- 2.4.2 Beginning of Melting in the Subsystem Qz-H2O-CO2.- 2.4.3 Beginning of Melting in the Subsystem Qz-Or-H2O-CO2.- 2.4.4 Beginning of Melting in the System Qz-Ab-Or-H2O-CO2.- 2.5 Liquidus Phase Relationships.- 2.5.1 Phase Relationships at $$ {a{{{H2}0}}} = 1 $$.- 2.5.2 Phase Relationships at $$ a{H2 O} < 1 $$.- 2.5.3 Composition of H2O-Undersaturated elts.- 2.5.4 Minimum Water Contents of Haplogranitic Melts.- 2.5.5 Liquidus Curves of the Haplogranite System.- 2.5.6 Liquidus Curves of a Muscovite-Granite.- 2.5.7 Water and Melt Content Relationship.- 3 Properties of Hydrous Haplogranitic Melts.- 3.1 Water Solubility.- 3.1.1 Determination of H2O Solubility and Precision of the Data.- 3.1.2 Pressure Dependence of H2O Solubility.- 3.1.3 Compositional Dependence of H2O Solubility for Qz, Ab, Or, and Binary Compositions.- 3.1.4 Compositional Dependence of H2O Solubility for Qz-Ab-Or Compositions.- 3.1.5 Temperature Dependence of H2O Solubility.- 3.1.6 Applications.- 3.2 Water Speciation in Aluminosilicate Melts, Models for Incorporation Mechanisms of Water and Implications.- 3.2.1 Burnham's Model for Incorporation of Water.- 3.2.2 Molecular Water and Hydroxyl Groups.- 3.2.3 The Role of the Charge-Balancing Cation in Albite and Haplogranite Melts.- 3.2.4 Implications for the Properties of Granitic Melts.- 3.3 Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Granitic Melts and Magmas.- 3.3.1 Dry Melts.- 3.3.2 Experimental Viscosity Data in Hydrous Melts.- 3.3.3 Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Viscosity Data.- 3.3.4 The Effect of Crystals and Bubbles on the Viscosity of Magmas.- 3.3.5 Implications for Natural Magmatic Systems.- 3.4 Density of Hydrous Granitic Liquids.- 3.4.1 Experimental Data.- 3.4.2 Implications.- 3.5 Diffusion of Major Elements and Water in Aluminosilicate Melts.- 3.5.1 Diffusion of Cations in Dry Melts and Glasses.- 3.5.2 Effect of Water on the Diffusion of Major Elements in Melts.- 3.5.3 Diffusivity of Water in Granitic Melts.- 3.5.4 Implications.- 3.6 Properties of Ascending Hydrous Magmas.- 3.6.1 Ascent of Chemically Closed Magmatic Systems.- 3.6.2 Adiabatic Ascent.- 3.6.3 Crystal Fractionation During Ascent.- 3.6.4 Role of Physical Properties of Granitoid Magmas on Transport Mechanisms (Dike vs. Diapir).- 4 Effects of Additional Aluminum and Minor Components in the System Qz-Ab-Or.- 4.1 Phase Relations in the System Qz-Ab-Or-Al2O3.- 4.1.1 Effect of Alumina at H2O -Saturated Conditions.- 4.1.2 Effect of Alumina at H2O -Undersaturated Conditions.- 4.1.3 Petrogenetic Implications.- 4.2 Effect of Alumina on Solubility of H2O in the System Qz-Ab-Or- Al2O3.- 4.2.1 Experimental Data.- 4.2.2 Petrogenetic Implications.- 4.3 Effect of Phosphorus and Solubility of Accessory Minerals in Granitic Melts.- 4.3.1 Phase Relations in the Granitic System.- 4.3.2 P2O5 Contents and Solubility of Apatite in Peraluminous and Ca-Bearing Melts.- 4.3.3 Solubility of Monazite in Granitic Melts.- 4.3.4 Solubility of Other Accessory Minerals.- 4.3.5 Applications.- 4.4 Effect of Fluorine.- 4.4.1 Effect on Phase Relations.- 4.4.2 Effect on H2O Solubility.- 4.4.3 Viscosity and Density.- 4.4.4 Solubility of F in Granitic Melts.- 4.4.5 Implications.- 4.5 Effect of Boron.- 4.5.1 Effect on Phase Relations.- 4.5.2 Effect on H2O Solubility.- 4.5.3 Viscosity and Density of Dry Melts.- 4.5.4 Solubility of Boron and Tourmaline Stability in Granitic Melts.- 4.5.5 Implications.- 4.6 Effect of Lithium.- 4.7 Contribution of Experimental Petrology to Case Studies of Peraluminous Leucogranites.- 4.7.1 The Harney Peak Leucogranite.- 4.7.2 The Manaslu and Gangotri Leucogranites.- 4.7.3 Conclusions and Limitations of the Experimental Studies..- 5 Fe and Mg in Granitic Melts.- 5.1 The Role and Control of $$ {f{{{O2}}}} $$.- 5.1.1Control by Solid Buffers and Problems.- 5.1.2 The Shaw Membrane Technique.- 5.2 Phase Equilibria Involving Ferromagnesian Minerals and Melt.- 5.3 Magnesium Content of Granitic Melts.- 5.3.1 Fe-Free Granitic Melts.- 5.3.2 Fe-Mg-Bearing Granitic Melts.- 5.4 Iron Content of Granitic Melts.- 5.5 Effect of Alumina on the Composition of Granitic Melts.- 5.6 Implications.- 6 The Tonalite System Qz-Ab-An.- 6.1. Onset of H2O-Saturated Melting in the Pure System Qz-Ab-An.- 6.2 Melting of Plagioclase, Kinetic Studies.- 6.2.1 Kinetic Studies in the Systems Ab-An and Ab-An-H2O.- 6.2.2 Kinetic Studies in the System Qz-Ab-An- H2O.- 6.2.3 Kinetic Studies in the System Qz-Ab-An-Al2O3-H2O.- 6.3 Phase Equilibria in the System Qz-Ab-An- H2O.- 6.3.1 The System Qz-Ab-An- H2O at 2 kbar.- 6.3.2 The System Qz-Ab-An- H2O at 5 kbar.- 6.3.3 Interpretation and Application of the Results.- 6.4 Phase Equilibria in the Peraluminous Tonalite System Qz-Ab-An-Al2O3-H2O.- 6.5 Formation of Tonalite in the Light of the Experimental Results.- 6.6 Experimental Investigations on Natural Tonalite.- 6.6.1 H2O -Saturated Melting Experiments.- 6.6.2 Dehydration Melting Experiments on Tonalite.- 6.6.3 Phase Relationships of Tonalite with Variable H2O Contents at High Pressure.- 6.7 Constraints on the Origin of Archean Tonalite.- 6.8 Relevance of the Experimental Results.- 7 The Granite System Qz-Ab-Or-An.- 7.1 Beginning of Melting (Water Saturated) in the System Qz-Ab-Or-An.- 7.2 Melting of Plagiocase in the System Qz-Ab-Or-An.- 7.2.1 Kinetic Studies in the System Qz-Ab-Or-An-Biotite.- 7.2.2 Distribution of Ab and An Between Melt and Coexisting Plagiocase.- 7.3 Hypersolidus Phase Relationships in the System Qz-Ab-Or-An.- 7.4 Kinetics of Subsolidus Reactions with Plagiocase.- 7.4.1 Application and Interpretation of the Results.- 8 Experiments with Natural Granites and Related Rocks.- 8.1 Early Investigations.- 8.2 Comparison of Results Obtained in Model Systems and Natural Rocks.- 8.3 Melting and Crystallization Experiments Performed at Water Saturation.- 8.3.1 Experimental Melting of Greywackes.- 8.3.2 Experimental Melting of Pelitic Compositions.- 8.3.3 Crystallization of an Obsidian.- 8.3.4 The Effect of Volatile Components Other than H2O on the Solidus Temperature.- 8.3.5 Low Pressure Melting, and Comparison of Granitic and Basaltic Solidus Curves.- 8.3.6 Melting of Granitic Rocks at High Pressures.- 8.4 Melting Experiments Performed at Water Undersaturation.- 8.4.1 Water-Undersaturated M…