This book is conceived as a monograph, and represents an up-to-date collection of information concerning the use of the method of X-ray photoelectron spec­ troscopy in the study of the electron structure of crystals, as well as a personal interpretation of the subject by the authors. In a natural way, the book starts in Chapter 1 with a recapitulation of the fundamentals of the method, basic relations, principles of operation, and a com­ parative presentation of the characteristics and performances of the most com­ monly used ESCA instruments (from the classical ones-Varian, McPherson, Hewlett Packard, and IEEE-up to the latest model developed by Professor Siegbahn in Uppsala), and continues with a discussion of some of the difficult problems the experimentalist must face such as calibration of spectra, prepara­ tion of samples, and evaluation of the escape depth of electrons. The second chapter is devoted to the theory of photoemission from crystal­ line solids. A discussion of the methods of Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Fock­ Slater for the calculation of bonding energy levels in multielectronic systems is presented, and the necessity of including in the theory both relativistic and relaxation effects is argued.

Inhalt

1. Fundamentals of the Method of Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- Basic Equation of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- X-Ray Sources and the Principle of X-Ray Monochromatization.- Construction Features of Modern Electron Spectrometers.- Construction Features of Commercial Electron Spectrometers.- Calibration of Electron Spectra.- Effective Escape Depth of Electrons.- Sample Preparation.- 2. Physical Principles of Electron Spectroscopy.- Binding Energies and Chemical Shifts of Core Levels.- Multiplet Splitting in Core-Electron Spectra.- Multielectron Excitation Effects in Photoelectron Spectra.- Photoionization Cross Section in the One-Electron Approximation.- Influence of Multielectron Transitions and Multielectron Processes on the Magnitude of the Photoionization Cross Section.- Energy Distribution of Valence Electrons in Crystals.- Methods of Calculation of Energy Bands in Crystals.- Symmetry Properties of the Energy Bands in Crystals.- Electron States in Disordered Alloys.- Comparison between Electron Spectroscopy and Some Other Methods of Investigation of the Electron Structure of Crystals.- 3. Metals and Alloys.- Density of States of Valence Electrons as Given by the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Transition and Noble Metals.- Photoelectron Spectra of Light Metals.- Influence of Transition Probability on the Shape of X-Ray Photoqlectron Spectra of Transition and Noble Metals.- Characteristics of the Structure of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of the Rare-Earth Metals.- Influence of Transition Probability on the Shape of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Alloys of Transition Metals.- Binary Alloys of Neighboring Elements of the Same Period.- Alloys of Elements from Different Periods.- Alloys of Isoelectronic Elements.- Alloys of Noble Metals with Aluminum and Magnesium.- Model Representations of the Density of States of Alloys.- 4. Crystals with a Sphalerite-Type Lattice.- Energy-Band Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Silicon, and Germanium.- Energy-Band Structure of A3 B5- and A2 B6-Type Compounds.- Chemical Shifts of Core Levels.- Influence of the Disordered Distribution of Atoms on the Density of States of Valence Electrons.- 5. Halides of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals.- X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra and the Band Structure of Alkali Halide Crystals.- Characteristics of X-Ray Absorption Spectra of Alkali Halide Crystals.- Optical Constants of Crystals in the Fluorite Group.- X-Ray Emission Spectra, Quantum Yield Spectra, and Photoelectron Spectra of CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2.- Plasma Excitations in the Optical and X-Ray Spectra of Crystalline CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2.- X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra and L2,3 Quantum Yield Spectra of Chlorine in Crystalline CaCl2, SrCl2, and BaCl2.- 6. Energy Location of the Valence s, p, and d States in Transition Metal Compounds.- Oxides of Transition Metals.- Sulfides of Transition Metals.- Halides of Transition Metals.- Manganese Borides.- Carbides of Transition Metals.- 7. Characterization of Surfaces.- Auger Spectroscopy as a Method for Surface Characterization.- Adsorption and Oxidation Processes at Metal Surfaces.- Use of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Quantitative Analysis.- Angular Distribution of X-Ray Photoelectrons with Regard to Quantitative Analysis.- Use of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in the Study of Catalysts.- 8. Structure of the Photoelectron Spectra of Core Electrons.- Multiplet Splitting of Photoelectron Lines.- Satellite Structure of 2p Photoelectron Lines.- Width and Asymmetry of Core-Level Photoelectron Lines.- References.