This book gives a critical evaluation of the Vienna Circle, its historical influences, and the philosophical legacy of logical empiricism. The first part of the volume contains nine original research articles by leading experts in the field on the philosophical work of Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, Otto Neurath, Janina Hosiassion-Lindenbaum, Susan Stebbing, and Gustav Hempel (among others) and their respective influence on subsequent developments in philosophy and the science studies. Topics addressed in the volume include: scientific humanism and non-cognitivism, scientific pluralism, the post-war reception of Logical Empiricism, relativism and the sociology of science, inductive reasoning and probability theory, as well as aspects of logical theory reconstruction. This book is of relevance to scholars and advanced students interested in the history of logical empiricism and the history of philosophy of science more generally.