This book provides insight into the underlying basic theories and concepts in X-ray, light, and neutron scattering. The three scattering principles are systematically presented, together with a unified description based on elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves and the Schrödinger wave from matter. These explanations are presented with an introduction of their common Born approximation using a consistent set of symbols and terminology and with step-by-step derivations of equations. This book emphasizes the combined applications of these three scattering methods, wherever and whenever possible, as a very powerful methodology for characterization of internal structures of soft matters in the length scale ranging from subnanometers to a few 10 micron meters. These applications include explorations for evolution of hierarchically self-organized internal structures of a variety of soft matters, including cells, under diverse environmental conditions. This book will not only be an excellent resource for graduate students and academic researchers who analyze structures of soft matters and polymers, but it will also be useful for researchers in industries.

Autorentext

Takeji Hashimoto received degrees from Kyoto University (BS, 1965 and MS, 1967) and from the University of Massachusetts (MS,1969 and PhD, 1971). He was appointed as an Assistant Professor in 1971 in the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University and was promoted to full Professor in 1994. His research interests include elucidation of mechanism and dynamics of self-organization of molecular assemblies in multicomponent polymer systems via phase transitions and phase separation in the absence (equilibrium systems) and presence (non-equilibrium systems) of externally applied fields ("polymer phasing" and "mechanics of polymer assemblies"). He has published 585 original aritcles, 58 review articles and contributed to 44 books. He published the original articles in internationally renowned journals such as J. Chem. Phys, Phys. Rev. Lett. and Macromolecules. He has won various awards including the "High Polymer Physics Prize (Ford Prize)" from American Physical Society (March, 1987) for his research in "Scattering techniques to the elucidation of phase and order disorder transitions in complex polymeric systems with particular emphasis on structure, morphology and kinetics".

Inhalt

1. General Introduction.- PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF X-RAY, LIGHT AND NEUTEON SCATTERING.- 2. Scattering Mechanism of X-ray, Light and Neutron.- 3. Scattering of Schrödinger Wave (Neutron Beam): Interference of Scattered Wave and Born Approximation.- 4. Scattering of X-ray and Visible Light.- 5. Responses of Electrons to X-ray and Light: Thomson Scattering and Rayleigh Scattering.- 6. Polarization of Scattered Electromagnetic Wave and Light Scattering from Optically Anisotropic Elements.- 7. Rayleigh-Gans-Born-Debye Approximation for Interference of Scattered Waves from Large Particles.- 8. Physics of Reciprocal Phenomena.- 9. Scattering Structure Factor Represents Spectral Intensity Distribution of Fourier Modes of a Given Structure.- PART II: X-RAY AND NEUTRON SCATTERING: ISOTROPIC SCATTERING.- 10. Scattering from Isolated Particles.- 11. Scattering from Fluctuations: Statistical Theory of Scattering.- 12. Scattering from Thermal Concentration Fluctuations and Composition Fluctuations.- 13. Interparticle Interference in Liquids.- 14. Interparticle Interference in Solids: Diffraction from Paracrystal Lattice and Superlattice.- 15. Scattering from Fractals.- 16. Combined Scattering Methods and Hierarchical Structures.- PART III: LIGHT SCATTERING.- 17. Light Scattering from Solids and Condensed Matters.- 18. Experimental Method and Apparatus.- 19. Light Scattering from Fluctuations.- 20. Light Scattering from Fibrillar Crystalline Superstructures.- 21. Light Scattering from Spherulitic Crystalline Superstructure.- 22. Light Scattering from Super-Lattice Structure of Crystalline Superstructures.- 23. Mie Scattering.- 24. APPENDICES.