This book presents the science of tensors in a didactic way. The various types and ranks of tensors and the physical basis is presented. Cartesian Tensors are needed for the description of directional phenomena in many branches of physics and for the characterization the anisotropy of material properties. The first sections of the book provide an introduction to the vector and tensor algebra and analysis, with applications to physics, at undergraduate level. Second rank tensors, in particular their symmetries, are discussed in detail. Differentiation and integration of fields, including generalizations of the Stokes law and the Gauss theorem, are treated. The physics relevant for the applications in mechanics, quantum mechanics, electrodynamics and hydrodynamics is presented. The second part of the book is devoted to tensors of any rank, at graduate level. Special topics are irreducible, i.e. symmetric traceless tensors, isotropic tensors, multipole potential tensors, spin tensors, integration and spin-trace formulas, coupling of irreducible tensors, rotation of tensors. Constitutive laws for optical, elastic and viscous properties of anisotropic media are dealt with. The anisotropic media include crystals, liquid crystals and isotropic fluids, rendered anisotropic by external orienting fields. The dynamics of tensors deals with phenomena of current research. In the last section, the 3D Maxwell equations are reformulated in their 4D version, in accord with special relativity.

Autorentext

Siegfried Hess studied Mathematics and Physics at the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, was a graduate student in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, USA and got his PhD in Physics in Erlangen in 1967. He was postdoc at the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the University Leiden, Holland and made his habilitation in Physics in Erlangen, 1970. Later, he became professor for Theoretical Physics in Erlangen and from 1984 till 2007 he held the chair for Transport Theory and Statistical Physics at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Technical University Berlin. As guest scientist and visiting professor he worked at the Department of Physics of the University of Toronto, Canada, at the Huygens Laboratory of the University Leiden, at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA, at the Institute Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France, at the department of Chemistry of the National Australian University in Canberra and at the Institute for Theoretical Physics (ITP, now KITP) of the University of California in Santa Barbara. Siegfried Hess was involved in numerous national and international research projects, both as project leader and as reviewer and adviser. His scientific work is documented in over 250 publications. The list of publications features the names of over 100 co-authors, viz. of students, postdocs and colleagues, from about 20 countries and of all 5 continents. He was fond of demonstrating the advantages of the use of Cartesian Tensors in teaching the courses of Theoretical Physics and in his research dealing with equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of anisotropic fluids and other topics of condensed matter physics.

Inhalt

Introduction.- Basics.- Symmetry of Second Rank Tensors, Cross Product.- Epsilon-Tensor.- Symmetric Second Rank Tensors.- Summary: Decomposition of Second Rank Tensors.- Fields, Spatial Differential Operators.- Integration of Fields.- Irreducible Tensors.- Multiple Potentials.- Isotropic Tensors.- Integral Formulae.- Spin Operators.- Rotation of Tensors.- Liquid Crystals.- Constitutive Relations.- Tensor Dynamics.- Maxwell Equations, from 3D to 4D.- Exercises: Answers and Solutions.