This book gathers together contributions from internationally renowned authors in the field of cardiovascular systems and provides crucial insight into the importance of sex- and gender-concepts during the analysis of patient data. This innovative title is the first to offer the elements necessary to consider sex-related properties in both clinical and basic studies regarding the heart and circulation on multiscale levels (i.e. molecular, cellular, electrophysiologically, neuroendocrine, immunoregulatory, organ, allometric, and modeling). Observed differences at (ultra)cellular and organ level are quantified, with focus on clinical relevance and implications for diagnosis and patient management. Since the cardiovascular system is of vital importance for all tissues, Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function is an essential source of information for clinicians, biologists, and biomedical investigators. The wide spectrum of differences described in this book will also act as an eye-opener and serve as a handbook for students, teachers, scientists and practitioners.

Autorentext

Peter L. M. Kerkhof, Studying at Leiden University, Peter LM Kerkhof completed his PhD thesis on clinical physiology (Dept. Pediatrics). His novel approach to analyzing cardiac pump function won him a Young Investigator's Award at the World Congress of Cardiology, Moscow, 1982. As an NIH Fogarty Fellow he joined Harvard Medical School, and next Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania. He was organizer and chairman of the VIth International Meeting on Clinical Laboratory Organization and Management, The Netherlands, 1987. At AMA in Chicago he was Distin­guished Lecturer in Medical Scie­nce in 1990, and at Rutgers University in 1996 visiting professor in Bioengineering. For two decades he served as associate editor of IEEE Trans BME, and acted as guest editor. He edited three books, and published on cardiology and medical informatics. While interested in computer assisted diagnosis, he is also associated with Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VUMC, Amsterdam, where his focus is on pediatric cardiology, heart transplantation, and sex-related issues in heart failure.

Virginia M. Miller, PhD, is Professor of Surgery and Physiology and Director of the Women's Health Research Center at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Trained as a comparative physiologist at the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, her work has spanned basic studies of temperature regulation in hibernating animals, brain pathways involved with spatial memory, hormonal influences on the vascular endothelium and platelets in experimental animals to sex-specific risk (i.e. hypertensive pregnancy disorder, oophorectomy and natural menopause) for vascular dysfunction and cognitive decline in women. Her interdisciplinary approach to promoting research in sex differences has won her several awards including the Bernadine Healy Award for Visionary Leadership in Women's Health and the Women's Day Magazine Red Dress Award for promoting heart health in women. Topics in this book reflect her passion for mentoring the next generation of basic and clinical scientists to fill the knowledge gaps in understanding how biological sex influences health and disease.

Inhalt

Women and men in the history of Western cardiology: some notes on their position as patients, role as investigational subjects, and impact as professionals.- An introduction to epigenetics in cardiovascular development, disease and sexualization.- Epidemiology of congenital heart disease with emphasis on sex-related aspects.- Sex Differences in Epidemiology of Cardiac and Vascular Disease.- Biostatistics in cardiovascular research with emphasis on sex-related aspects.- The Influence of Age and Sex on the Electrocardiogram.- Safety and Effectiveness of Medical Device Therapy.- Cardiophysiology illustrated by comparing ventricular volumes in healthy adult males and females.- Sex differences in Regulation of Blood Pressure.- Arterial flow, pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity in men and women at various ages.- Wave intensity analysis - Sex-specific differences in hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to graded exercise: echocardiographic measurements.- Gender differences in the autonomic response to exercise testing in Brugada syndrome.- Benchmarking Heart Rate Variability to Overcome Sex-related Bias.- Cardiovascular Allometry: Analysis, Methodology, and Clinical Applications.- The heart as a psycho-neuroendocrine and immunoregulatory organ.- Mitochondria and sex-specific cardiac function.- Cerebral circulation in men and women.- Arterial Wall Properties in Men and Women: Hemodynamic Analysis and Clinical Implications.- Sex-Specific Characteristics of the Microcirculation.- Sex-specific ventricular and vascular adaptations to exercise.- Growth of cardiovascular structures from the fetus to the young adult.- Heart function analysis in cardiac patients with focus on sex-specific aspects.- Heart transplantation survival and sex-related differences.- Differences in cardiovascular aging in men and women.- Hemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Aspects of Uncomplicated Singleton Pregnancy.- Sex-specific physiology and cardiovascular disease.- Cardiovascular sequels during and after preeclampsia.- Cardiovascular implications of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, thyroid disease and cardio-oncology in women.- Sex-specific cardiovascular comorbidities in dermatologic and rheumatic disorders.- The role of sex in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension.- Sex differences in heart failure.- Sex related aspects of biomarkers in cardiac disease.- Cardiac Rehabilitation for Women.- Stroke rehabilitation: therapy robots & assistive devices.- Precision Medicine and Personalized Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease.- Big data analysis, cluster analysis, machine learning approaches.- Genome Wide Association Studies and Risk Scores for Coronary Artery Disease: Sex Biases.- Gendered Innovation in Health and Medicine.- Gendered innovations in the study of cardiovascular diseases.- Sex- and age-related reference values in cardiology, with annotations and guidelines for interpretation.