Selective Glycosylations

A comprehensive summary of novel approaches to the stereoselective construction of glycosidic linkages, covering modern glycosylation methods and their use and application in natural product synthesis and drug discovery.
Clearly divided into five sections, the first describes recent advances in classical methodologies in carbohydrate chemistry, while the second goes on to deal with newer chemistries developed to control selectivity in glycosylation reactions. Section three is devoted to selective glycosylation reactions that rely on the use of catalytic promoters. Section four describes modern approaches for controlling regioselectivity in carbohydrate synthesis. The final section focuses on new developments in the construction of "unusual" sugars and is rounded off by a presentation of modern procedures for the construction of glycosylated natural products.
By providing the latest advances in glycosylation as well as information on mechanistic aspects of the reaction, this is an invaluable reference for both specialists and beginners in this booming interdisciplinary field that includes carbohydrate chemistry, organic synthesis, catalysis, and biochemistry.

Autorentext
Clay S. Bennett is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Tufts University, Medford, USA. He received his B.A. in chemistry from Connecticut College (New London, USA) in 1999, where he carried out undergraduate research in bioorganic chemistry with Prof. Bruce Branchini. He then entered the University of Pennsylvania, USA, where he studied natural products total synthesis with Prof. Amos B. Smith, III. Upon obtaining his Ph.D. in 2005 he joined the lab of Prof. Chi-Huey Wong at the Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA, to study carbohydrate chemistry as a postdoctoral researcher. His current research interests focus on developing new stereoselective glycosylation reactions and application of these technologies to the synthesis carbohydrate-based vaccines and oligosaccharide antibiotics.

Inhalt

Preface xiii

1 Introduction: Classical Physics and the Physics of Information Technology 1

1.1 The Perception of Matter in Classical Physics: Particles and Waves 1

1.2 Axioms of Classical Physics 2

1.3 Status and Effect of Classical Physics by the End of the Nineteenth Century 3

1.4 Physics Background of the High-Tech Era 6

1.5 Developments in Physics Reflected by the Development of Lighting Technology 7

1.5.1 The Light Bulb (Incandescent Lamp) 8

1.5.2 The Fluorescent (Discharge) Lamp 9

1.5.3 Light-Emitting and Laser Diodes 11

1.6 The Demand for Physics in Electrical Engineering and Informatics: Today and Tomorrow 11

Summary in Short 12

1.7 Questions and Exercises 13

2 Blackbody Radiation: The Physics of the Light Bulb and of the Pyrometer 15

2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation of Heated Bodies 15

2.2 Electromagnetic Field in Equilibrium with the Walls of a Metal Box 17

2.3 Determination of the Average Energy per Degree of Freedom. Planck's Law 18

2.4 Practical Applications of Planck's Law for the Blackbody Radiation 19

2.5 Significance of Planck's Law for the Physics 21

Summary in Short 21

2.6 Questions and Exercises 22

3 Photons: The Physics of Lasers 25

3.1 The Photoelectric Effect 25

3.2 Practical Applications of the Photoelectric Effect (Photocell, Solar Cell, Chemical Analysis) 27

3.3 The Compton Effect 28

3.4 The Photon Hypothesis of Einstein 29

3.5 Planck's Law and the Photons. Stimulated Emission 30

3.6 The Laser 31

Summary in Short 33

3.7 Questions and Exercises 34

4 Electrons: The Physics of the Discharge Lamps 37

4.1 Fluorescent Lamp 37

4.2 FranckHertz Experiment 38

4.3 Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom: Energy Quantization 40

4.4 Practical Consequences of the Energy Quantization for Discharge Lamps 42

4.5 The de Broglie Hypothesis 45

4.6 The DavissonGermer Experiment 46

4.7 WaveParticle Dualism of the Electron 47

Summary in Short 48

4.8 Questions and Exercises 48

5 The Particle Concept of Quantum Mechanics 51

5.1 Particles and Waves in Classical Physics 51

5.2 Double-Slit Experiment with a Single Electron 53

5.3 The BornJordan Interpretation of the Electron Wave 55

5.4 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 55

5.5 Particle Concept of Quantum Mechanics 56

5.6 The Scale Dependence of Physics 57

5.7 Toward a New Physics 58

5.8 The Significance of Electron Waves for Electrical Engineering 59

5.9 Displaying Electron Waves 60

Summary in Short 61

5.10 Questions and Exercises 61

Reference 61

6 Measurement in Quantum Mechanics. Postulates 13 63

6.1 Physical Restrictions for the Wave Function of an Electron Postulate 1 64

6.2 Mathematical Definitions and Laws Related to the Wave Function 65

6.3 Mathematical Representation of the Measurement by Operators 66

Postulate 2 67

6.4 Mathematical Definitions and Laws Related to Operators 67

6.5 Measurement in Quantum Mechanics 68

Postulate 3 69

Summary in Short 72

6.6 Questions and Exercises 72

7 Observables in Quantum Mechanics. Postulates 4 and 5. The Relation of Classical and Quantum Mechanics 75

7.1 The Canonical Commutation Relations of Heisenberg 75

Postulate 4 76

7.2 The Choice of Operators by Schrodinger 76

7.3 Vector Operator of the Angular Momentum 77

7.4 Energy Operators and the Schrodinger Equation 78

Postulate 5 79

7.5 Time Evolution of Observables 79

7.6 The Ehrenfest Theorem 81

Summary in Short 82

7.7 Questions and Exercises 82

8 Quantum Mechanical States 85 8.1 Eigenstates of Position 85&lt...