This volume deals with physical properties of electrically one-dimensional conductors. It includes both a description of basic concepts and a review of recent progress in research. One-dimensional conductors are those materials in which an electric current flows easily in one specific crystal direction while the resistivity is very high in transverse directions. It was about 1973 when much attention began to be focussed on them and investigations started in earnest. The research was stimulated by the successful growth of crystals of the organic conductor TTF-TCNQ and of the inorganic conductor KCP. New concepts, characteristic of one dimension, were established in the in­ vestigations of their properties. Many new one-dimensional conductors were also found and synthesized. This field of research is attractive because of the discovery of new ma­ terials, phenomena and concepts which have only recently found a place in the framework of traditional solid-state physics and materials science. The relation of this topic to the wider field of solid-state sciences is therefore still uncertain. This situation is clearly reflected in the wide distribution of the fields of specialization of researchers. Due to this, and also to the rapid progress of research, no introductory book has been available which covers most of the important fields of research on one-dimensional conductors.

Inhalt

1. What Are One-Dimensional Conductors?.- 2. Fundamental Properties of Electronic Systems in One Dimension.- 2.1 The One-Dimensional Conduction Band and the Peierls Instability.- 2.1.1 Conduction Electrons in a One-Dimensional Band.- 2.1.2 The Peierls Instability and the Peierls Transition.- a) The Polarization function.- b) The Peierls Transition.- 2.1.3 Electron-Phonon Coupling and Kohn Anomalies.- a) Electron-Phonon Interactions.- b) The Kohn Anomaly.- c) The Order Parameter of the Peierls Transition.- 2.1.4 Nesting of the Fermi Surface.- 2.2 Charge Density Waves.- 2.2.1 Charge Density Waves and the Peierls-Fröhlich Mechanism.- 2.2.2 Dynamics of Charge Density Waves.- a) Phasons.- b) Motion of the Phase.- c) Pinning.- d) Electrical Conduction Due to the Sliding Motion of Charge Density Waves.- e) Phase Solitons and Electrical Conductivity.- 2.3 Fluctuations and Three-Dimensionality.- 2.3.1 Fluctuations in One Dimension.- 2.3.2 Fluctuations and the Pseudo-Gap.- 2.3.3 Three-Dimensionality and the Peierls Transition.- 2.4 Roles of the Coulomb Interaction.- 2.4.1 The Tight-Binding Model.- 2.4.2 Short-Range Coulomb Interactions.- 2.4.3 Long-Range Coulomb Interactions.- 2.4.4 Coulomb Interactions and Charge Density Waves.- 2.4.5 The Spin-Peierls Transition.- 3. Properties of TTF-TCNQ and Its Family.- 3.1 Molecular Synthesis and Crystal Growth.- 3.2 Electrical Properties.- 3.2.1 The One-Dimensional Conduction Band and the Electrical Conductivity.- 3.2.2 One-Dimensionality of the Metallic Property.- 3.2.3 High Frequency Conductivity.- 3.2.4 Nonlinear Conduction in the Insulating Phase.- 3.3 Magnetic Properties.- 3.3.1 Spin Susceptibility.- 3.3.2 Spin Susceptibility of Each Kind of Molecular Stack.- 3.4 Behaviour of the CDW.- 3.4.1 TheKF CDW and the Kohn Anomaly 71.- 3.4.2 Interchain Interactions.- 3.4.3 Origins of theKF CDW 80.- 3.4.4 Dynamics of Charge Density Waves.- 3.5 Characteristic Properties of Compounds Belonging to the Family of TTF-TCNQ.- 3.5.1 TSeF-TCNQ.- 3.5.2 HMTTF-TCNQ and TMTSF-TCNQ.- 3.5.3 NMP-TCNQ.- 3.5.4 TMTSF-DMTCNQ.- 3.6 Superconductivity in (TMTSF)2X and Its Family.- 3.6.1 Crystal Structure of (TMTSF)2X.- 3.6.2 Electrical Properties.- 3.6.3 Superconductivity.- 3.6.4 Spin Density Waves.- 3.6.5 Orientational Ordering of Counter Anions X.- 3.6.6 Superconductivity in (BEDT-TTF)2X.- a) (BEDT-TTF)2ReO4.- b) (BEDT-TTF)2I3.- 4. Properties of MX3.- 4.1 Preparation and Crystal Structure.- 4.1.1 Preparation of Single Crystals.- 4.1.2 Crystal Structure.- 4.2 Charge Density Waves in NbSe3.- 4.2.1 Anomalies in the dc Conductivity and the Periodic Lattice Distortion.- 4.2.2 Conductivity Anisotropy, Hall Effect and Thermoelectric Power.- 4.2.3 Nonlinear Electrical Conductivity: Sliding Motion of Charge Density Waves.- a) The dc Conductivity.- b) High Frequency Conductivity and Dielectric Constant.- c) Electrical Noise.- d) Sliding CDW: A Rigid Body?.- 4.2.4 Superconductivity.- 4.3 Charge Density Waves in TaS3.- 4.3.1 "Orthorhombic" (o-)TaS3.- 4.3.2 Monoclinic (m-)TaS3.- 4.4 Superconductivity in TaSe3.- 5. Properties of KCP.- 5.1 Mixed Valence Pt Compounds.- 5.2 Crystal Structure and the Preparation of Single Crystals.- 5.2.1 Preparation of Single Crystals.- 5.2.2 Crystal Structure.- 5.2.3 Crystal Structure and Electronic States.- 5.3 Electrical Properties.- 5.3.1 Electrical Conductivity.- 5.3.2 Optical Properties.- 5.4 Magnetic Properties.- 5.4.1 Magnetic Susceptibility.- 5.4.2 Electron Spin Resonance.- 5.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- 5.5 Charge Density Waves and the Kohn Anomaly.- 5.5.1 X-ray Scattering.- 5.5.2 Structural Analysis by X-ray and Neutron Diffraction.- 5.5.3 Elastic Neutron Scattering.- 5.5.4 Inelastic Neutron Scattering.- 5.6 Behaviour of the Water of Crystallization.- 5.6.1 Position of the Water of Crystallization.- 5.6.2 The Amount and Physical Properties of the Water of Crystallization.- 5.6.3 Motion of Water Molecules and Ultrasonic Anomalies.- 5.6.4 Motion of the Water of Crystallization Studied by 1H NMR.- 5.7 Band Model and Mixed Valence Model.- 5.7.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).- 5.7.2 Magnetic Properties and Electrical Conductivity.- 5.7.3 Nuclear Spin Relaxation of 195Pt Nuclei.- 5.7.4 Electron Spin Relaxation.- a) Spin-Lattice Relaxation.- b) Spin-Spin Relaxation.- 5.7.5 Neutron Diffraction.- 5.7.6 Raman Scattering.- 5.7.7 The Mixed-Valence State of Pt Ions.- 5.7.8 Comments on the Mixed-Valence Model.- 6. Properties of the Linear Chain Polymers (CH)x and (SN)x.- 6.1 Properties of (CH)X.- 6.1.1 Synthesis of (CH)x and Its Structure.- 6.1.2 One-Electron States in the Band.- 6.1.3 Solitons and the Electrical Conductivity.- 6.2 Properties of (SN)x.- 6.2.1 The Synthesis and Structure of (SN)x.- 6.2.2 Electronic Properties.- 6.2.3 Band Structure.- 6.2.4 One-Dimensionality and the Kohn Anomaly.- 7. Properties of Linear-Chain Mercury Compounds.- 7.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure.- 7.2 Metallic Conductivity and Superconductivity.- 7.3 The One-Dimensional Lattice of Mercury Chains.- 7.3.1 One-Dimensional Liquid Mercury and Its Condensation.- 7.3.2 Mass-Density Waves.- References.