Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists

A modern, evaluative, and integrative approach to diagnostic microbiology encouraging problem-solving in the clinical laboratory context through the use of examples to illustrate clinical and diagnostic issues

Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists is designed to encourage readers to develop a way of thinking that can be applied to any diagnostic scenario in microbiology. Through consideration of a selected range of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, the book encourages readers to explore connections between the available information about clinical symptoms, pathogenesis of infections, and the approaches used in laboratory diagnosis, in order to develop new insights.

The book begins with an introductory chapter that outlines the scope of clinical diagnostic microbiology and the key areas for the laboratory scientist to be aware of. The subsequent six chapters review a type of infection in depth, using particular pathogenic microorganisms to illustrate salient points. At the end of each chapter there are three exercises related to management of a diagnostic service and assessing the suitability of test methods to specific contexts. There are no right or wrong answers to these, but the reader can discuss them with their laboratory colleagues or university tutor.

• Makes extensive use of published research in the form of journal articles, publically available epidemiological data, professional guidelines, and specialist websites

• Stimulates the reader in critical appraisal of published evidence and encourages problem-solving in the laboratory

• Outlines the scope of clinical diagnostic microbiology and the key areas for the laboratory scientist to be aware of

• Considers topics relevant to professional scientists working in the area of diagnostic microbiology

Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists is ideal for post graduate scientists intending to pursue careers in diagnostic clinical microbiology and for biomedical scientists, clinical scientists, and full time students studying for upper level qualifications in biomedical science, microbiology, or virology.

Autorentext

SARAH J. PITT, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK.

Klappentext
A Modern, Evaluative, and Integrative Approach to Diagnostic Microbiology Encouraging Problem-Solving in the Clinical Laboratory Context through the Use of Examples to Illustrate Clinical and Diagnostic Issues Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists is designed to encourage readers to develop a way of thinking that can be applied to any diagnostic scenario in microbiology. Through consideration of a selected range of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, the book encourages readers to explore connections between the available information about clinical symptoms, pathogenesis of infections, and the approaches used in laboratory diagnosis, in order to develop new insights. The book begins with an introductory chapter that outlines the scope of clinical diagnostic microbiology and the key areas for the laboratory scientist to be aware of. The subsequent six chapters review a type of infection in depth, using particular pathogenic microorganisms to illustrate salient points. At the end of each chapter there are three exercises related to management of a diagnostic service and assessing the suitability of test methods to specific contexts. There are no right or wrong answers to these, but the reader can discuss them with their laboratory colleagues or university tutor.

• Makes extensive use of published research in the form of journal articles, publically available epidemiological data, professional guidelines, and specialist websites
• Stimulates the reader in critical appraisal of published evidence and encourages problem-solving in the laboratory
• Outlines the scope of clinical diagnostic microbiology and the key areas for the laboratory scientist to be aware of
• Considers topics relevant to professional scientists working in the area of diagnostic microbiology Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists is ideal for post graduate scientists intending to pursue careers in diagnostic clinical microbiology and for biomedical scientists, clinical scientists, and full time students studying for upper level qualifications in biomedical science, microbiology, or virology.

Inhalt
Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

1 Overview of Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Organisation and Management of Diagnostic Microbiology Services 2

1.3 Techniques 2

1.4 Point?]of?]Care Testing (POCT) 3

1.5 Antimicrobials 8

1.5.1 Antibacterial Agents (Antibiotics) 8

1.5.2 Antiviral Agents 8

1.5.3 Antifungal Agents 9

1.5.4 Antiparasitic Agents 12

1.5.5 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing 14

1.6 Selection and Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests 15

1.7 Quality Management 18

1.8 Infection Control, Monitoring and Surveillance 18

1.9 Exercises 21

References 21

2 Infections of the Blood 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Blood Stream Infections (Bacteraemia/Fungaemia) 26

2.2.1 Sepsis 27

2.2.1.1 Pathology 27

2.2.1.2 Epidemiology 28

2.2.1.3 Diagnostic Considerations 28

2.2.1.4 Treatment 31

2.2.2 Infective Endocarditis 31

2.2.2.1 Pathology 31

2.2.2.2 Epidemiology 32

2.2.2.3 Treatment 34

2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis of Blood Stream Infections 34

2.3 Blood?]Borne Infections 35

2.3.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 36

2.3.1.1 Epidemiology 37

2.3.1.2 Pathogenesis 38

2.3.1.3 Clinical Aspects 39

2.3.1.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 42

2.3.2 Human T?]Cell Lymphoma Viruses 43

2.3.3 Trypanosoma cruzi 44

2.3.4 Creutzfeldt?]Jakob Disease 44

2.3.5 West Nile Virus 45

2.3.6 Blood?]Borne Herpes Viruses 46

2.4 Exercises 47

2.5 Case Studies 48

References 49

3 Respiratory Tract Infections 55

3.1 Introduction 55

3.1.1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 57

3.1.2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 58

3.1.3 Respiratory Pathogens 60

3.2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 60

3.2.1 Introduction 60

3.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 61

3.2.3 Epidemiology 63

3.2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 63

3.2.5 Management and Treatment 65

3.3 Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae 66

3.3.1 Introduction 66

3.3.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 66

3.3.2.1 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes Infection 66

3.3.2.2 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection 69

3.3.3 Epidemiology 70

3.3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 71

3.3.5 Management and Treatment 73

3.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 74

3.4.1 Introduction 75

3.4.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 75

3.4.3 Epidemiology 77

3.4.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 77

3.4.5 Control, Treatment and Management 79

3.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 81

3.5.1 Introduction 81

3.5.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 82

3.5.3 Epidemiology 82

3.5.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 83

3.5.5 Management and Treatment 84

3.6 Paragonimus westermani 84

3.6.1 Introduction 84

3.6.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 85

3.6.3 Epidemiology 86

3.6.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 86

3.6.5 Management and Treatment 86

3.7 Exercises 87

3.8 Case Studies 87

References 88

4 Gastrointestinal Infections 95

4.1 Introduction 95

4.1.1 Normal Gut Flora 95

4.1.2 Diarrhoea 96

4.1.3 Gastrointestinal Pathogens 98

4.2 Campylobacter 98

4.2.1 Introduction 98

4.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 98

4.2.3 Epidemiology 99

4.2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 100

4.2.5 Treatment and Control 102

4.3 Clostridium difficle 103

4.3.1 Introduction 103 4.3.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 1...