Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education because of the way that it mimics mainstream schooling, has greatly expanded worldwide. It consumes considerable family resources, provides employment for tutors, occupies the time of students, and has a backwash on regular schools. Although such tutoring has become a major industry and a daily activity for students, tutors and families, the research literature has been slow to catch up with the phenomenon. The topic is in some respects difficult to research, precisely because it is shadowy. Contours are indistinct, and the actors may hesitate to share their experiences and perspectives. Presenting methodological lessons from diverse cultures, the book contains chapters from both high-income and low-income settings in Asia, Caribbean, Europe and the Middle East. Separately and together, the chapters present valuable insights into the design and conduct of research.The book will assist both consumers and producers of research. Consumers will become better judges of the strengths, weaknesses and orientations of literature on the theme; and producers will gain insights for design of instruments, collection of data, and interpretation of findings.

The editors: Mark Bray is UNESCO Chair Professor in Comparative Education at the University of Hong Kong. Ora Kwo is an Associate Professor in the Comparative Education Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Boris Jokic is a Scientific Associate in the Centre for Educational Research and Development at the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Croatia.

Inhalt

Introduction, Mark BRAY, Ora KWO & Boris JOKI.- Employing Quantitative Instruments.- 1 Shadow Education Research through TIMSS and PIRLS: Experiences and Lessons in the Republic of Georgia, Magda Nutsa KOBAKHIDZE.- 2 Research on Private Tutoring in Malaysia: Methodological, Insights from a Quantitative Study, Husaina Banu KENAYATHULLA.- 3 Relationships between Shadow Education and Examination, Scores: Methodological Lessons from a Chinese Study in Senior Secondary Schools, Yu ZHANG.- Discerning Qualities.- 4 A Qualitative Comparison of Private Tutoring in Azerbaijan, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia and Georgia: Lessons from Design and Implementation, Boris JOKI.- 5 Ethical Dilemmas in Shadow Education Research: Lessons from a Qualitative Study of Learners' Experiences in Lecturetype Tutoring in Hong Kong, Kevin W.H. YUNG.- 6 Classroom Practices and Private Tuition in the Maldives: Methodological Reflections on an Ethnographic Study, Maryam MARIYA.- 7 Researching Shadow Education in Iran: Methodological Experiences in an Islamic Republic, Abbas MADANDAR ARANI.- Expanding Perspectives with Mixed Approaches.- 8 Designing and Implementing Mixed Approaches to Shadow Education Research: Experiences and Lessons in Hong Kong, Mark BRAY & Ora KWO.- 9 Constraints and Possibilities in SmallScale Research: A MixedMethods Study in West Bengal, India, Sulata MAHESHWARI.- 10 A MixedMethods Study of Extra Lessons in Jamaica: Methodological Experiences and Reflections, Saran STEWART.- 11 Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring in Cambodia: Contexts, Instruments and Approaches, Mark BRAY, Wei ZHANG, Magda Nutsa KOBAKHIDZE & Junyan LIU.- Learning and Comparing.- 12 How a Research Instrument Changed in Different Settings: Methodological Lessons from Adaptation and Adjustment, Junyan LIU.- 13 Organisational and Cross-­Cultural Issues: Learning from Research Approaches, Mark BRAY & Ora KWO.- Notes on the Authors.