Nanomaterial Characterization

Nanomaterial Characterization

Providing various properties of nanomaterials and the various methods available for their characterization

Over the course of the last few decades, research activity on nanomaterials has gained considerable press coverage. The use of nanomaterials has meant that consumer products can be made lighter, stronger, esthetically more pleasing, and less expensive. The significant role of nanomaterials in improving the quality of life is clear, resulting in faster computers, cleaner energy production, target-driven pharmaceuticals, and better construction materials. It is not surprising, therefore, that nanomaterial research has really taken off, spanning across different scientific disciplines from material science to nanotoxicology. A critical part of any nanomaterial research, however, is the need to characterize physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, which is not a trivial matter.

Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction is dedicated to understanding the key physicochemical properties and their characterization methods. Each chapter begins by giving an overview of the topic before a case study is presented. The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how the reader may make use of the background information presented to them and show how this can be translated to solve a nanospecific application scenario. Thus, it will be useful for researchers in helping them design experimental investigations. The book begins with a general overview of the subject, thus giving the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial characterization.

Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction features:

• Nanomaterial synthesis and reference nananomaterials

• Key physicochemical properties and their measurements including particle size distribution by number, solubility, surface area, surface chemistry, mechanical/tribological properties, and dustiness

• Scanning tunneling microscopy methods operated under extreme conditions

• Novel strategy for biological characterization of nanomaterial methods

• Methods to handle and visualize multidimensional nanomaterial characterization data

The book is written in such a way that both students and experts in other fields of science will find the information useful, whether they are in academia, industry, or regulation, or those whose analytical background may be limited.There is also an extensive list of references associated with every chapter to encourage further reading.

Autorentext

Ratna Tantra is a Senior Scientist at National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK. She has been at NPL for 14 years and worked on numerous projects in the field of nanoscience. Her multidisciplinary background was useful, allowing an expansion of her research portfolio in the area of nanomaterial characterization in different scientific disciplines, for example, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and nanotoxicology. Before joining NPL, she was a research associate at Imperial College London, then University of Glasgow. She got her PhD in electrochemistry from University College London. She is a Chartered Scientist, Chartered Chemist, and member of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Zusammenfassung
Nanomaterial Characterization Providing various properties of nanomaterials and the various methods available for their characterization Over the course of the last few decades, research activity on nanomaterials has gained considerable press coverage. The use of nanomaterials has meant that consumer products can be made lighter, stronger, esthetically more pleasing, and less expensive. The significant role of nanomaterials in improving the quality of life is clear, resulting in faster computers, cleaner energy production, target-driven pharmaceuticals, and better construction materials. It is not surprising, therefore, that nanomaterial research has really taken off, spanning across different scientific disciplines from material science to nanotoxicology. A critical part of any nanomaterial research, however, is the need to characterize physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, which is not a trivial matter. Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction is dedicated to understanding the key physicochemical properties and their characterization methods. Each chapter begins by giving an overview of the topic before a case study is presented. The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how the reader may make use of the background information presented to them and show how this can be translated to solve a nanospecific application scenario. Thus, it will be useful for researchers in helping them design experimental investigations. The book begins with a general overview of the subject, thus giving the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial characterization. Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction features:

• Nanomaterial synthesis and reference nananomaterials
• Key physicochemical properties and their measurements including particle size distribution by number, solubility, surface area, surface chemistry, mechanical/tribological properties, and dustiness
• Scanning tunneling microscopy methods operated under extreme conditions
• Novel strategy for biological characterization of nanomaterial methods
• Methods to handle and visualize multidimensional nanomaterial characterization data The book is written in such a way that both students and experts in other fields of science will find the information useful, whether they are in academia, industry, or regulation, or those whose analytical background may be limited.There is also an extensive list of references associated with every chapter to encourage further reading.

Inhalt
List of Contributors xv

Editor's Preface xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Properties Unique to Nanomaterials 3

1.3 Terminology 4

1.3.1 Nanomaterials 4

1.3.2 Physicochemical Properties 7

1.4 Measurement of Good Practice 8

1.4.1 Method Validation 8

1.4.2 Standard Documents 13

1.5 Typical Methods 16

1.5.1 Sampling 16

1.5.2 Dispersion 19

1.6 Potential Errors Due to Chosen Methods 20

1.7 Summary 20

Acknowledgments 21

References 21

2 Nanomaterial Syntheses 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 BottomUp Approach 26

2.2.1 Arc-Discharge 26

2.2.2 Inert-Gas Condensation 26

2.2.3 Flame Synthesis 27

2.2.4 Vapor-Phase Deposition 27

2.2.5 Colloidal Synthesis 27

2.2.6 Biologically synthesized nanomaterials 28

2.2.7 Microemulsion Synthesis 28

2.2.8 SolGel Method 29

2.3 Synthesis: TopDown Approach 29

2.3.1 Mechanical Milling 29

2.3.2 Laser Ablation 30

2.4 BottomUp and TopDown: Lithography 30

2.5 BottomUp or TopDown? Case Example: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 30

2.6 Particle Growth: Theoretical Considerations 32

2.6.1 Nucleation 32

2.6.2 Particle Growth and Growth Kinetics 33

2.6.2.1 Diffusion-Limited Growth 33

2.6.2.2 Ostwald Ripening 34

2.7 Case Study: Microreactor for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 34

2.7.1 Introduction 34

2.7.2 Method 36

2.7.2.1 Materials 36

2.7.2.2 Protocol: Nanoparticles Batch Synthesis 37

2.7.2.3 Protocol: Nanoparticle Synthesis via Continuous Flow Microfluidics 37

2.7.2.4 Protocol: Nanoparticles Synthesis via Droplet-Based Microfluidics 38

2.7.2.5 Protocol: Dynamic Light Scattering 38

2.7.3 Results Interpretation and Conclusion 39

2.8 Summary 42

Acknowledgments 43

References 43

3 Reference Nanomaterials 49

3.1 Definition, Development, and Application Fields 49

3.2 Case Studies 50

3.2.1 Silica Nanomaterial as Potential Reference Material to Establish Possible Size Effects on Mechanical Properties 50

3.2.1.1 Introduction 50

3.2.1.2 Findings So Far 53

3.2.2 Silica Nanomaterial as Potential Reference Material in Nanotoxicology 55

3.3 Summary 57

Acknowledgments 58

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