Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power

An essential reference to the modeling techniques of wind turbine systems for the application of advanced control methods

This book covers the modeling of wind power and application of modern control methods to the wind power control--specifically the models of type 3 and type 4 wind turbines. The modeling aspects will help readers to streamline the wind turbine and wind power plant modeling, and reduce the burden of power system simulations to investigate the impact of wind power on power systems. The use of modern control methods will help technology development, especially from the perspective of manufactures.

Chapter coverage includes: status of wind power development, grid code requirements for wind power integration; modeling and control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine generator (WTG); optimal control strategy for load reduction of full scale converter (FSC) WTG; clustering based WTG model linearization; adaptive control of wind turbines for maximum power point tracking (MPPT); distributed model predictive active power control of wind power plants and energy storage systems; model predictive voltage control of wind power plants; control of wind power plant clusters; and fault ride-through capability enhancement of VSC HVDC connected offshore wind power plants. Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power also features tables, illustrations, case studies, and an appendix showing a selection of typical test systems and the code of adaptive and distributed model predictive control.

• Analyzes the developments in control methods for wind turbines (focusing on type 3 and type 4 wind turbines)

• Provides an overview of the latest changes in grid code requirements for wind power integration

• Reviews the operation characteristics of the FSC and DFIG WTG

• Presents production efficiency improvement of WTG under uncertainties and disturbances with adaptive control

• Deals with model predictive active and reactive power control of wind power plants

• Describes enhanced control of VSC HVDC connected offshore wind power plants

Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power is ideal for PhD students and researchers studying the field, but is also highly beneficial to engineers and transmission system operators (TSOs), wind turbine manufacturers, and consulting companies.

Autorentext

Edited by Qiuwei Wu, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). His research areas include wind power integration and wind turbine modeling, the standard modeling of wind power, VSC HVDC connection for offshore wind power integration, coordinated control of wind power and energy storage systems. Yuanzhang Sun, PhD, is a Full Professor at Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China. His research interests are power system stability and control, operational reliability of power systems, smart grid, and renewable energy.

Inhalt
List of Contributors xi

About the CompanionWebsite xiii

**1 Status of Wind Power Technologies 1
**Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu

1.1 Wind Power Development 1

1.2 Wind Turbine Generator Technology 4

1.2.1 Type 1 4

1.2.2 Type 2 5

1.2.3 Type 3 5

1.2.4 Type 4 6

1.2.5 Comparison 7

1.2.6 Challenges withWind Power Integration 7

1.3 Conclusion 9

References 9

**2 Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Integration 11
**Qiuwei Wu

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Steady-state Operational Requirements 12

2.2.1 Reactive Power and Power Factor Requirements 12

2.2.2 Continuous Voltage Operating Range 17

2.2.3 Frequency Operating Range and Frequency Response 18

2.2.4 Power Quality 24

2.3 Low-voltage Ride Through Requirement 26

2.3.1 LVRT Requirement in the UK 26

2.3.2 LVRT Requirement in Ireland 29

2.3.3 LVRT Requirement in Germany (Tennet TSO GmbH) 30

2.3.4 LVRT Requirement in Denmark 31

2.3.5 LVRT Requirement in Spain 31

2.3.6 LVRT Requirement in Sweden 32

2.3.7 LVRT Requirement in the USA 33

2.3.8 LVRT Requirement in Quebec and Alberta 34

2.4 Conclusion 36

References 36

**3 Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines 37
**Guojie Li and Lijun Hang

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Principles of Doubly-fed Induction Generator 37

3.3 PQ Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generator 40

3.3.1 Grid-side Converter 41

3.3.2 Rotor-side converter 43

3.4 Direct Torque Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generators 46

3.4.1 Features of Direct Torque Control 47

3.4.2 Application of Direct Torque Control in DFIGs 49

3.4.3 Principle of Direct Torque Control in DFIG 50

3.5 Low-voltage Ride Through of DFIGs 58

3.6 Conclusions 61

References 61

**4 Optimal Control Strategies of Wind Turbines for Load Reduction 63
**Shuju Hu and Bin Song

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 The Dynamic Model of aWind Turbine 64

4.2.1 Wind Conditions Model 64

4.2.2 Aerodynamic Model 64

4.2.3 Tower Model 66

4.2.4 DrivetrainModel 66

4.2.5 Electrical Control Model 67

4.2.6 Wind Turbine DynamicModel 67

4.3 Wind Turbine Individual Pitch Control 67

4.3.1 Control Implementation 68

4.3.2 Linearization of theWind Turbine Model 68

4.3.3 Controller Design 71

4.3.4 Simulation Analysis 73

4.4 Drivetrain Torsional Vibration Control 73

4.4.1 LQG Controller Design 73

4.4.2 Simulation Analysis 79

4.5 Conclusion 83

References 83

**5 Modeling of Full-scale Converter Wind Turbine Generator 85
**Yongning Chi, Chao Liu, Xinshou Tian, Lei Shi, and Haiyan Tang

5.1 Introduction 85

5.2 Operating Characteristics of FSC-WTGs 88

5.3 FSC-WTG Model 89

5.3.1 Shaft Model 89

5.3.2 Generator Model 91

5.3.3 Full-scale Converter Model 94

5.4 Full Scale Converter Control System 96

5.4.1 Control System of Generator-side Converter 97

5.4.2 Grid-side Converter Control System 101

5.5 Grid-connected FSC-WTG Stability Control 107

5.5.1 Transient Voltage Control of Grid-side Converter 108

5.5.2 Additional DC Voltage Coupling Controller 108

5.5.3 Simulations 109

5.6 Conclusion 114

References 114

**6 Clustering-based Wind Turbine Generator Model Linearization 117
**Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Operational Regions of Power-controlledWind Turbines 118

6.3 SimplifiedWind Turbine Model 119 6....